Malaria and anemia in children under 7 years of age in the western region of Côte d’Ivoire

Abstract

BackgroundAnemia is a major public health problem, affecting nearly one-quarter of the world’s population. It is defined as a reduction in the hemoglobin level in the peripheral blood to below the normal threshold set for a particular population. Very often in the subtropics, helminths or malaria co-infect an individual, causing morbidities that vary by age and region. This study aims to characterize the type of anemia observed in children under 7 years of age infected with malaria in the western region of Côte d’Ivoire, to recommend a better strategy of care.MethodsThe study was carried out from March 2020 to May 2021 in 22 villages in Man, Tonkpi Region, with a cohort of 451 children, both male and female, aged from 3 months to 6 years. The children provided venous blood samples for the diagnosis and characterization of anemia (full blood count), and Giemsa staining (GS) (thick and thin smears) and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) were used for the diagnosis of malaria. Risk factors and morbidity profiles were assessed using a questionnaire. Logistic regressions models were employed to identify independent risk factors and morbidity patterns associated with Plasmodium falciparum mono-infection and co-infections.ResultsOf the 451 children who completed the study, 221 (49.0%) were female and 230 (51.0%) were male. The prevalence of anemia was 55.0%, distributed as 30.7% mild, 66.1% moderate, and 3.2% severe anemia. The characterization of anemia revealed that hypochromic microcytic anemia (HMA) was the predominant type, being found in 195 (78.63%) children. It was followed by normochromic microcytic anemia (29 children, 11.69%), normochromic normocytic anemia (14 children, 5.65%), and, finally, hypochromic normocytic anemia (10 children, 4.03%). The prevalence of malaria was 66.7% and 78.3% based on GS and RDTs, respectively. The closed association between malaria (Plasmodium) and anemia led to P. falciparum alone causing 56.7% of mild, 51.3% of moderate, and 37.5% of severe anemia in children.ConclusionMalaria infection was highly prevalent among children aged ≤ 7 years in both sex and in different age groups, although the number of Plasmodium parasites present during infections was greatest in younger children. Similarly, the prevalence of anemia was high, with moderate anemia and HMA being more prevalent in children ≤ 7 years of age in the western region of Côte d’Ivoire.

Hematological Profile of Severe Anemia in Children Aged Below 5 Years

“…It was seen in 88% of children. In the study of Ehouman et al 11 authors concluded that iron deficiency anemia as most common entity in microcytic hypochromic anemia. In the study done by Srinivas Madhuri et al 12 among 316 children aged 2 months to 4 years, it was found that 58% of children were anemic due to iron deficiency anemia and 5 % had megaloblastic anemia-marcocytic or normocytic normochromic anemia.…”

A Case of Mixed Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium malariae Infection in a 1 Year 04 Months Old Child in Western Region, Côte d`Ivoire

“…[7][8][9]. Recently, several cases of mixed infection of P. falciparum and P. malariae specires were also reported by Ehouman et al, [10] in the Western region of the country.…”

Anemia in 3 months to 6 years old Children infected with S. mansoni and intestinal Protozoans in the Western region (Tonkpi) of Côte d`Ivoire.

“…The most frequent intensity was moderate anemia (64.4%), followed by mild (34.4%) and severe (1.6%), with microcytic hypochromic anemia at a frequency of 55.6%. The observation of this anemia can be explained by the fact that at this age [2-6 years], children are most of the time walking or playing in various external environments where there are supplementary foods such as nuts and seeds, fruits and extra vegetables to grab in addition to the family food shared together usually [46]. These additional micronutrients would provide them with the iron balance needed to reduce their absolute iron deficiency.…”

“…In Côte d'Ivoire, the prevalence of intestinal schistomiasis (S. mansoni) in 2016 was estimated at more than 22.1% and 23.2% in school-aged children and adults population respectively [8][9] and that of anemia at 55.0% [10].…”