Malaria and COVID-19: Common and Different Findings

Gennaro, Francesco Di; Marotta, Claudia; Locantore, Pietro; Pizzol, Damiano; Putoto, Giovanni

doi:10.3390/tropicalmed5030141

Cited by 79 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The most important microscopic differential diagnosis for CHIV is the chronic stage of placental malaria, in which accumulations of histiocytes in the intervillous space also occur [69]. Although malaria co-exists in much of the world affected by COVID-19 [70], the pathology differential diagnosis is not difficult as placentas affected by malaria will also typically demonstrate Plasmodium-parasitized red blood cells and hemozoin pigment in the intervillous space, trophoblast necrosis is absent, and fibrin deposition is not prominent. Some cases of CHIV described prior to the COVID-19 pandemic occurred together with chronic villitis, which can result from infection with such TORCH infections as cytomegalovirus (CMV), toxoplasmosis, rubella, and syphilis [65].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Placental Pathology of COVID-19 with and without Fetal and Neonatal Infection: Trophoblast Necrosis and Chronic Histiocytic Intervillositis as Risk Factors for Transplacental Transmission of SARS-CoV-2

Schwartz

Morotti

2020

Viruses

128

112

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The mechanism(s) by which neonates testing positive for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) acquire their infection has been largely unknown. Transmission of the etiological agent, SARS-CoV-2, from mother to infant has been suspected but has been difficult to confirm. This communication summarizes the spectrum of pathology findings from pregnant women with COVID-19 based upon the infection status of their infants and addresses the potential interpretation of these results in terms of the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the placenta and the pathophysiology of maternal-fetal infection. Placentas from pregnant women with COVID-19 and uninfected neonates show significant variability in the spectrum of pathology findings. In contrast, placentas from infected maternal-neonatal dyads are characterized by the finding of mononuclear cell inflammation of the intervillous space, termed chronic histiocytic intervillositis, together with syncytiotrophoblast necrosis. These placentas show prominent positivity of syncytiotrophoblast by SARS-CoV-2, fulfilling the published criteria for transplacental viral transmission as confirmed in fetal cells through identification of viral antigens by immunohistochemistry or viral nucleic acid using RNA in situ hybridization. The co-occurrence of chronic histiocytic intervillositis and trophoblast necrosis appears to be a risk factor for placental infection with SARS-CoV-2 as well as for maternal-fetal viral transmission, and suggests a potential mechanism by which the coronavirus can breach the maternal-fetal interface.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Placental Pathology of COVID-19 with and without Fetal and Neonatal Infection: Trophoblast Necrosis and Chronic Histiocytic Intervillositis as Risk Factors for Transplacental Transmission of SARS-CoV-2

Schwartz

Morotti

2020

Viruses

128

112

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Co-infection cases of SARS-CoV-2 and other intracellular pathogens have been reported elsewhere, ranging from arbovirus to protozoans [ 8 , 13 ]. Considering that Malaria, Dengue, Chikungunya, and SARS-CoV-2 acute symptoms share similar clinical features, distinguishing them in co-endemic regions may pose a challenge with serious consequences [ 13 , 14 ]. Data presented here demonstrate that 210 (2.85%) out of 7,730 patients, suspected of having either Dengue and Chikungunya infection, were positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG ( Table 3 ), corroborating with the hypothesis that covert SARS-CoV-2 misdiagnosis is a present threat in Dengue and Chikungunya endemic regions [ 8 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Covert cases of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: An obscure but present danger in regions endemic for Dengue and Chikungunya viruses

et al. 2021

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Background The impact of SARS-CoV-2 in regions endemic for both Dengue and Chikungunya is still not fully understood. Considering that symptoms/clinical features displayed during Dengue, Chikungunya and SARS-CoV-2 acute infections are similar, undiagnosed cases of SARS-CoV-2 in co-endemic areas may be more prevalent than expected. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of covert cases of SARS-CoV-2 among samples from patients with clinical symptoms compatible with either Dengue or Chikungunya viral infection in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Methods Presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody specific to SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein was detected using a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay in samples from 7,370 patients, without previous history of COVID-19 diagnosis, suspected of having either Dengue (n = 1,700) or Chikungunya (n = 7,349) from December 1st, 2019 to June 30th, 2020. Findings Covert cases of SARS-CoV-2 were detected in 210 (2.85%) out of the 7,370 serum samples tested. The earliest undiagnosed missed case of COVID-19 dated back to a sample collected on December 18, 2019, also positive for Dengue Virus. Cross-reactivity with either Dengue virus or other common coronaviruses were not observed. Interpretation Our findings demonstrate that concomitant Dengue or Chikungunya outbreaks may difficult the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infections. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate, with a robust sample size (n = 7,370) and using highly specific and sensitive chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay method, that covert SARS-CoV-2 infections are more frequent than previously expected in Dengue and Chikungunya hyperendemic regions. Moreover, our results suggest that SAR-CoV-2 cases were occurring prior to February, 2020, and that these undiagnosed missed cases may have contributed to the fast expansion of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Brazil. Data presented here demonstrate that in arboviral endemic regions, SARS-CoV-2 infection must be always considered, regardless of the existence of a previous positive diagnosis for Dengue or Chikungunya.

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“…The anti-inflammatory activities of these drugs have also been reported by several authors, they interfere the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE2) cell receptor and are also active against many proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and IL-6 [1,18]. The in-vitro study of Chloroquine or Hydroxychloroqine with an antibiotic (Azithromycin) against SARS-COV -2 is still ongoing [18,21].…”

Section: Amoniquinolinementioning

confidence: 98%

Antimalarial Drugs and COVID -19

Builders¹,

Simeon²,

Ogundeko³

et al. 2020

SJMH

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel virus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), that is ravaging the world. Therefore, the need to find new preventive and therapeutic drug at the earliest possible time additionally to the implementation of preventive measures such as early detection, isolation and treatment of cases as well as minimization of transmission through physical interaction. Moreover, specific vaccines and yet effective treatment that target the 2019. This review focuses on the use of antimalarial drugs as therapeutics interventions for COVID-19.

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Malaria and COVID-19: Common and Different Findings

Cited by 79 publications

References 54 publications

Placental Pathology of COVID-19 with and without Fetal and Neonatal Infection: Trophoblast Necrosis and Chronic Histiocytic Intervillositis as Risk Factors for Transplacental Transmission of SARS-CoV-2

Placental Pathology of COVID-19 with and without Fetal and Neonatal Infection: Trophoblast Necrosis and Chronic Histiocytic Intervillositis as Risk Factors for Transplacental Transmission of SARS-CoV-2

Covert cases of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: An obscure but present danger in regions endemic for Dengue and Chikungunya viruses

Antimalarial Drugs and COVID -19

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