Malaria Control at Lake Vera, California, in 1952–53

Fontaine, R. E.; Gray, Harold F.; Aarons, Theodore

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1954.3.789

Cited by 3 publications

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“…freeborni abundance in late August 1952, following the malaria outbreak. 3,4 The reason for the absence of An. freeborni in the present study is not known.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lake is located in a transitional forest consisting of Ponderosa pine, incense cedar, live oak, and manzanita at an elevation of 800 m on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada. [2][3][4] Lake Vera was shallow at the time of this study and approximately 30% of the surface was covered with mats of floating algae. The lake is fed and drained by Rock Creek that is lined by typical riparian vegetation consisting of overstory willow, California Bay, and young sycamore, while the banks of the creek are covered by blackberry vines.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…punctipennis, a vector of minor importance, 5, 6 may have played a prominent role in transmitting malaria during the 1952 outbreak. 3,4,7,8 During the 1980s, additional cases of mosquito-borne autochthonous malaria occurred in California in areas where An. punctipennis was abundant and An.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…freeborni were abundant when the outbreak was investigated in late August 1952. 3,4 Although An. freeborni has been considered the principle vector of Plasmodium vivax malaria in western North America, 5 An.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Lake Vera revisited: parity and survival rates of Anopheles punctipennis at the site of a malaria outbreak in the Sierra Nevada foothills of California.

Jensen

Dritz²,

Fritz³

et al. 1998

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Parity and survival rates of Anopheles punctipennis were studied at the site of a 1952 outbreak of malaria in the Sierra Nevada foothills of California with the purpose of estimating blood feeding frequency and survivorship of such populations. Anopheles punctipennis was the dominant species in landing collections conducted for 20 consecutive nights in August and September 1990. The mean parity rate of An. punctipennis was 0.82. The gonotrophic cycle was estimated to last three days based on time series analysis of the number of nulliparous and parous mosquitoes collected each day. Survivorship was estimated to be 0.79 per gonotrophic cycle and 0.92 per day. Ovarian dilatation data indicated that some females had completed eight gonotrophic cycles prior to being collected and 45% of the females completed two or more cycles. The high prevalence of multiparous individuals, high parity rate, long survivorship and a short three-day gonotrophic cycle estimate indicates that this population is long lived and has a capacity to be an efficient vector of malaria.In 1952, an outbreak of malaria occurred in visitors to summer camps and residences at Lake Vera in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada in California. This outbreak was remarkable in that a single infected individual spent a weekend at the lake and served as the source for 35 subsequent cases. 1, 2 This suggested that one or more Anopheles species at Lake Vera were highly efficient vectors. Both An. punctipennis and An. freeborni were abundant when the outbreak was investigated in late August 1952. 3, 4 Although An. freeborni has been considered the principle vector of Plasmodium vivax malaria in western North America, 5 An. punctipennis, a vector of minor importance, 5, 6 may have played a prominent role in transmitting malaria during the 1952 outbreak. 3,4,7,8 During the 1980s, additional cases of mosquito-borne autochthonous malaria occurred in California in areas where An. punctipennis was abundant and An. freeborni were few or absent and where available larval habitat was more typically associated with the larvae of An. punctipennis than An. freeborni. 9,10 In spite of the potential role of An. punctipennis as a malaria vector, little is known about its biology; particularly, factors that contribute significantly to its biological capacity to serve as a vector including adult female survivorship, abundance, blood feeding frequency, and host range. 11 The objective of the current study was to study the survivorship of anophelines at Lake Vera and determine which species were using potential larval habitats and would be attracted to potential human hosts. MATERIALS AND METHODSStudy site. Lake Vera is a small artificial lake 10 km north of Nevada City in Nevada County, California. The lake is located in a transitional forest consisting of Ponderosa pine, incense cedar, live oak, and manzanita at an elevation of 800 m on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada. 2-4 Lake Vera was shallow at the time of this study and approximately 30% of the surface was cov...

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“…freeborni abundance in late August 1952, following the malaria outbreak. 3,4 The reason for the absence of An. freeborni in the present study is not known.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Lake Vera revisited: parity and survival rates of Anopheles punctipennis at the site of a malaria outbreak in the Sierra Nevada foothills of California.

Jensen

Dritz²,

Fritz³

et al. 1998

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Ecology and Management of Arthropod Populations in Recreational Lands

Merritt

Newson

Frankie³

et al. 1978

Perspectives in Urban Entomology

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Vector Competence ofAnopheles kleiniandAnopheles sinensis(Diptera: Culicidae) From the Republic of Korea to Vivax Malaria-Infected Blood From Patients From Thailand

Ubalee

Kim

Schuster³

et al. 2016

J Med Entomol

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In total, 1,300 each of Anopheles kleini Rueda and Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann sensu stricto (s.s.) females (colonized from the Republic of Korea) and Anopheles dirus Peyton & Harrison (Thai strain) were allowed to feed on blood from Thai malaria patients naturally infected with Plasmodium vivax The overall oocyst infection rates for An. dirus, An. kleini, and An. sinensis s.s. were 77.4, 46.1, and 45.9%, respectively. The mean number of oocysts was significantly higher for An. dirus (82.7) compared with An. kleini (6.1) and An. sinensis s.s. (8.6), whereas the mean number of oocysts for An. kleini and An. sinensis s.s. was similar. The overall sporozoite infection rates for An. dirus, An. kleini, and An. sinensis s.s. dissected on days 14-15, 21, and 28 days post-feed were significantly higher for An. dirus (90.0%) than An. kleini (5.4%), whereas An. kleini sporozoite rates were significantly higher than An. sinensis s.s. (<0.1%). The overall sporozoite indices for positive females with +3 (100-1,000 sporozoites) and +4 (>1,000 sporozoites) salivary gland indices were significantly higher for An. dirus (85.7%), compared with An. kleini (47.1%). Only one An. sinensis s.s. had sporozoites (+2; >10-100 sporozoites). These results indicate that An. kleini is a competent vector of vivax malaria. Although An. sinensis s.s. develops relatively high numbers of oocysts, it is considered a very poor vector of vivax malaria due to a salivary gland barrier.

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Malaria Control at Lake Vera, California, in 1952–53

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Lake Vera revisited: parity and survival rates of Anopheles punctipennis at the site of a malaria outbreak in the Sierra Nevada foothills of California.

Lake Vera revisited: parity and survival rates of Anopheles punctipennis at the site of a malaria outbreak in the Sierra Nevada foothills of California.

Ecology and Management of Arthropod Populations in Recreational Lands

Vector Competence ofAnopheles kleiniandAnopheles sinensis(Diptera: Culicidae) From the Republic of Korea to Vivax Malaria-Infected Blood From Patients From Thailand

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