Malaria epidemics in the highlands of Ethiopia

Negash, Kassahun; Kebede, Ayantu; Medhin, Ambachew; Argaw, Daniel; Babaniyi, Olusegun; Guintran, JO; Delacollette, Charles

doi:10.4314/eamj.v82i4.9279

Cited by 57 publications

(60 citation statements)

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“…This is mainly due to climatic features that correlate with the Anopheles vector breeding cycles and increased transmission potential. The present study results are consistent with earlier reports, as malaria is seasonal and unstable in Ethiopia (7,12,20), causing frequent epidemics (7,(23)(24)(25). This is mainly due to the varying topographical and climatic features.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Changes in Malaria Indices in an Ethiopian Health Centre: A Five Year Retrospective Analysis

Karunamoorthi

Bekele²

2012

Health Scope

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The present communication discusses the five year retrospective analysis about the changes in malaria indices in a typical Ethiopian health center. Reading this article recommended to active health education campaigns and the administration of front-line vector control interventions to interrupt disease transmission and an eventual reduction in the number of malaria cases.Africa is often regarded as poor, uneducated, or unaware of the risks, with an inadequate social infrastructure, all of which makes them more prone to malaria (2). Despite currently available interventions, malaria remains a major public health problem worldwide. It has been reported that approximately half of the world's population is at risk of malaria with nearly one million deaths every BackgroundInsect-borne disease imposesan enormous burden on the world's population in terms of loss of life (millions of death per year) and morbidity. These diseases are also responsible for huge economic losses, both in terms of health-care costs and lost productivity, mostly in countries that can least afford them (1). The rural population in Background: Malaria affects the health and wealth of individuals, as well as nations. In Ethiopia, malaria is identified as both a disease of poverty and a cause of poverty. Objectives: A retrospective analysis was conducted to investigate the changes in malaria indices at the Serbo Health Center, Ethiopia. Materials and Methods: Based on existing blood smear examination data. The original case records were carefully reviewed, analyzed and interpreted. Results: Among the total of 51610 blood smear examinations, 26602 were found to be positive and contributed to 51.5% of the diagnostic yield. All of the 51610 cases were treated at the Serbo Health Center. Males constituted a total of 56.1% participants in this study (14934/26602 cases) and they were found to be more prone to having a positive malaria smear. Chi-square analysis showed a statistically significant association between male patients and the incidence of malaria (P = 0.0001; χ 2 = 212.5; df = 4). Plasmodium falciparum contributes to about 62.4% of malaria cases followed by P vivax (37.3%). Conclusions: There is an urgent need for active health education campaigns and the administration of front-line vector control interventions such as the consistent deployment of insecticide-treated bed-nets and indoor residual spraying to interrupt disease transmission and an eventual reduction in the number of malaria cases.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Changes in Malaria Indices in an Ethiopian Health Centre: A Five Year Retrospective Analysis

Karunamoorthi

Bekele²

2012

Health Scope

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“…Peripheries of health facilities closer to low and mid-highlands had not malaria diagnosis and laboratory personnel. The secondary spatial clusters were found in villages and kebeles located between 1,500 and 2,000 m. Studies reported that the occurrence of malaria epidemics and transmission above 2,000 m [10,31], between 1,500 and 2,000 m [32,33] above sea level. The increased number of malaria cases in these altitudes may be attributed to the presence of elevated transmission effective vectors, or to the environment favouring breeding for the vectors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal clusters of malaria cases at village level, northwest Ethiopia

Alemu

Worku

Berhane

et al. 2014

Malar J

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BackgroundMalaria attacks are not evenly distributed in space and time. In highland areas with low endemicity, malaria transmission is highly variable and malaria acquisition risk for individuals is unevenly distributed even within a neighbourhood. Characterizing the spatiotemporal distribution of malaria cases in high-altitude villages is necessary to prioritize the risk areas and facilitate interventions.MethodsSpatial scan statistics using the Bernoulli method were employed to identify spatial and temporal clusters of malaria in high-altitude villages. Daily malaria data were collected, using a passive surveillance system, from patients visiting local health facilities. Georeference data were collected at villages using hand-held global positioning system devices and linked to patient data. Bernoulli model using Bayesian approaches and Marcov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods were used to identify the effects of factors on spatial clusters of malaria cases. The deviance information criterion (DIC) was used to assess the goodness-of-fit of the different models. The smaller the DIC, the better the model fit.ResultsMalaria cases were clustered in both space and time in high-altitude villages. Spatial scan statistics identified a total of 56 spatial clusters of malaria in high-altitude villages. Of these, 39 were the most likely clusters (LLR = 15.62, p < 0.00001) and 17 were secondary clusters (LLR = 7.05, p < 0.03). The significant most likely temporal malaria clusters were detected between August and December (LLR = 17.87, p < 0.001). Travel away home, males and age above 15 years had statistically significant effect on malaria clusters at high-altitude villages.ConclusionThe study identified spatial clusters of malaria cases occurring at high elevation villages within the district. A patient who travelled away from home to a malaria-endemic area might be the most probable source of malaria infection in a high-altitude village. Malaria interventions in high altitude villages should address factors associated with malaria clustering.

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“…The decline of P. falciparium malaria episodes between 2004/5 and 2005/6 might also be attributed to the scale up of interventions, including LLITNs [63],[64] following the large scale malaria epidemics of 2003 [65],[66] implying the need for monitoring the major malaria intervention tools such as IRS & LLITNs, the effectiveness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of Plasmodium falciparium and Plasmodium vivaxin a micro-ecological setting, Southwest Ethiopia: effects of altitude and proximity to a dam

2014

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BackgroundRefining the spatial and temporal data on malaria transmissions at a defined ecological setting has practical implications for targeted malaria control and enhancing efficient allocation of resources. Spatial and temporal distribution of P. falciparium and P. vivax were explored around the Gilgel Gibe Hydroelectric Dam (GGHD) in southwest Ethiopia.MethodsA review of confirmed malaria episodes recorded over eight years at primary health services was conducted. Using individual identifiers and village names malaria records were cross-linked to location and individual records of Gilgel Gibe Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) data, which had already been geo-referenced. The study setting was categorized in to buffer zones with distance interval of one kilometer. Similarly, altitude of the area was categorized considering 100 meters height intervals. Incidence rate ratios were estimated using Poisson model for the buffer zones and for the altitudinal levels by adjusting for the underlying population density as an offset variable. Yearly temporal variations of all confirmed malaria cases were also evaluated based on the Poisson model using STATA statistical software version 12.ResultsA considerable proportion (45.0%) of the P. falciparium episodes were registered within one kilometer radius of the GGHD. P. falciparium showed increment with distance from the GGHD up to five kilometers and with altitude above 1900 meters while P. vivax exhibited the increase with distance but, decrease with the altitude. Both species showed significantly higher infection among males than females (P <0.01). Temporally, malaria episodes manifested significant increments in the years between 2006/7 to 2009/10 while reduction of the malaria episodes was indicated during 2004/5, 2005/6 and 2010/11 compared to 2003/4 (P <0.01). On average, P. vivax was 52% less than P. falciparium over the time period considered. P. vivax was significantly higher in the years 2004/5 to 2007/8 and 2010/11 (P <0.001).ConclusionsSpatial and temporal variations of malaria were observed. The spatial and temporal variations of malaria episodes were also different for the two main malaria species in the area.

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Malaria epidemics in the highlands of Ethiopia

Cited by 57 publications

References 0 publications

Changes in Malaria Indices in an Ethiopian Health Centre: A Five Year Retrospective Analysis

Changes in Malaria Indices in an Ethiopian Health Centre: A Five Year Retrospective Analysis

Spatiotemporal clusters of malaria cases at village level, northwest Ethiopia

Dynamics of Plasmodium falciparium and Plasmodium vivaxin a micro-ecological setting, Southwest Ethiopia: effects of altitude and proximity to a dam

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