Malaria eradication within a generation: ambitious, achievable, and necessary

Feachem, Richard; Chen, Ingrid; Akbari, Omar S.; Bertozzi‐Villa, Amelia; Bhatt, Samir; Binka, Fred; Boni, Maciej F.; Buckee, Caroline O.; Dieleman, Joseph L; Dondorp, Arjen M.; Eapen, Alex; Feachem, Neelam Sekhri; Filler, Scott; Gething, Peter W.; Gosling, Roly; Haakenstad, Annie; Harvard, Kelly; Hatefi, Arian; Jamison, Dean T.; Jones, Kate E.; Karema, Corine; Kamwi, Richard Nchabi; Lal, Altaf A.; Larson, Erika; Lees, Margaret; Lobo, Neil F.; Micah, Angela E; Moonen, Bruno; Newby, Gretchen; Xiao, Ning; Pate, Muhammad Ali; Quiñónes, Martha L.; Roh, Michelle E.; Rolfe, Ben; Shanks, Dennis; Singh, Balbir; Staley, Kenneth; Tulloch, Jim; Wegbreit, Jennifer; Woo, Hyun Ju; Mpanju-Shumbusho, Winnie

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31139-0

Cited by 286 publications

(312 citation statements)

References 204 publications

(194 reference statements)

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“…Six species of this genus, namely, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium ovale (P. ovale curtisi and P.ovale wallikeri), Plasmodium cynomolgi and Plasmodium vivax are known to cause infection in humans. As the World Health Organization (WHO) sets the goal for malaria elimination by 2030 [3], the aim can only be achieved when all cases are accurately diagnosed and treated appropriately. Some of the endemic communities still lack access to routine testing in suspected cases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in the Development of Biosensors for Malaria Diagnosis

Krampa

Aniweh

Kanyong

et al. 2020

Sensors

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The impact of malaria on global health has continually prompted the need to develop more effective diagnostic strategies that could overcome deficiencies in accurate and early detection. In this review, we examine the various biosensor-based methods for malaria diagnostic biomarkers, namely; Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP-2), parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH), aldolase, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and the biocrystal hemozoin. The models that demonstrate a potential for field application have been discussed, looking at the fabrication and analytical performance characteristics, including (but not exclusively limited to): response time, sensitivity, detection limit, linear range, and storage stability, which are first summarized in a tabular form and then described in detail. The conclusion summarizes the state-of-the-art technologies applied in the field, the current challenges and the emerging prospects for malaria biosensors.Sensors 2020, 20, 799 2 of 21 emergence and spread of drug resistance. It could also reduce the pool of individuals who can contribute to malaria transmission [5].To date, many technologies have attempted to circumvent the challenges in malaria diagnostics with technologies that address point-of-care needs and early stage asymptomatic detection. In this review, we first comprehensively summarize the biomarkers targeted during the course of malaria with emphasis on the importance of sensitive early detection. Next, we provide an overview of the recent advances in biosensor technologies for the detection of the most targeted biomarkers, focusing on: development, analytical performances, and suitability for point of care testing. The prevailing challenges and future outlook of the use of these technologies in the field are also highlighted. Parasite Development in Humans, Biomarkers, and DiagnosisThe developmental cycle of Plasmodium species that infect humans is briefly illustrated in Figure 1 [6]. The cycle begins with the injection of sporozoites into the host's circulation by an infected female Anopheles mosquito. The sporozoites then target and enter hepatocytes where they multiply and differentiate into merozoites. This stage of the parasite life cycle is known as pre-erythrocytic. In infections involving P. vivax and P. ovale, dormant forms of the liver stage, called hypnozoites may persist in the liver [7] and cause relapse of the infection, thereby making it difficult to eradicate. The pre-erythrocytic stage is essential in the establishment of malaria infection. This stage is asymptomatic, however, it is difficult for diagnostic tools to detect sporozoites because hepatocytes invasion occurs within 30-45 min after sporozoites are inoculated by the infected mosquito [8,9]. This short time and low numbers of sporozoites injected leaves little time for their detection. Some efforts in finding biomarkers for detection of early liver stage or the dormant form have identified the Plasmodium liver-specific protein 2 (LISP2) [10,11]. The sporozoite surface circum...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in the Development of Biosensors for Malaria Diagnosis

Krampa

Aniweh

Kanyong

et al. 2020

Sensors

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“…Despite considerable recent advances in eradicating malaria, this progress is continually undermined by the emergence of resistance to first‐line therapies, including artemisinin, thus highlighting the need for a continuous pipeline of promising candidate molecules . In recent years, the landscape of anti‐infective medicinal chemistry in South Africa has been dominated by the search for anti‐plasmodial agents, which is reflected in the comparatively large volume of work in this area.…”

Section: Antimalarial Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Highlights in Anti‐infective Medicinal Chemistry from South Africa

Veale

Müller

2020

ChemMedChem

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Global advancements in biological technologies have vastly increased the variety of and accessibility to bioassay platforms, while simultaneously improving our understanding of druggable chemical space. In the South African context, this has resulted in a rapid expansion in the number of medicinal chemistry programmes currently operating, particularly on university campuses. Furthermore, the modern medicinal chemist has the advantage of being able to incorporate data from numerous related disciplines into the medicinal chemistry process, allowing for informed molecular design to play a far greater role than previously possible. Accordingly, this review focusses on recent highlights in drug-discovery programmes, in which South African medicinal chemistry groups have played a substantive role in the design and optimisation of biologically active compounds which contribute to the search for promising agents for infectious disease.

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“…Although improving the use of existing and available tools is essential for malaria control in the near future, there also is an urgent need for the development and implementation of alternative solutions (Feachem et al ., 2019). One of them is based on the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), which aims to control vector populations by releasing sterile males.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of irradiation on the survival and susceptibility of femaleAnopheles arabiensisto natural isolates ofPlasmodium falciparum

Guissou

Poda

Hien

et al. 2020

Preprint

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25Background: The sterile insect technique (SIT) is a vector control strategy relying on the mass 26 release of sterile males into wild vector populations. Current sex separation techniques are not 27 fully efficient and could lead to the release of a small proportion of females. It is therefore 28 important to evaluate the effect of irradiation on the ability of released females to transmit 29 pathogens. This study aimed to assess the effect of irradiation on the survival and competence 30 of Anopheles arabiensis females for Plasmodium falciparum in laboratory conditions. 31Methods: Pupae were irradiated at 95 Gy, a sterilizing dose of gamma-rays from Caesium-137 32 source, and emerging adult females were challenged with one of 14 natural isolates of P. 33 falciparum. Seven days post-bloodmeal (dpbm), irradiated and unirradiated-control females 34 were dissected to assess the presence of oocysts. On 14 dpbm, oocyst rupture in mosquito 35 midguts and sporozoite dissemination in head/thoraces were also examined. Two assays were 36 performed to gauge the effect of irradiation on An. arabiensis survival. First, the survivorship 37 of irradiated and unirradiated-control mosquitoes exposed to each parasite isolate was 38 monitored. Second, how parasite infection and irradiation interact to influence mosquito 39 lifespan was also assessed by including a group of uninfected unirradiated mosquitoes. 40Results: Overall, irradiation reduced the proportion of infected mosquitoes but this effect was 41 inconsistent among parasite isolates. Second, there was no significant effect of irradiation on 42 the number of developing oocysts. Third, the proportion of ruptured oocysts at 14 dpbm was 43 higher in irradiated-than in control-unirradiated females, suggesting that irradiation might 44 speed up parasite development. Fourth, irradiation had varying effects on female survival with 45 either a negative effect (assay 1) or no effect (assay 2). 46 Conclusion: Combining these effects into an epidemiological model could help quantifying the 47 net effect of irradiation on malaria transmission in this system. Together, our data indicate that 48 irradiated female An. arabiensis could contribute to malaria transmission, and highlight the 49 need for perfect sexing tools which would prevent the release of females as part of SIT 50 programs.51 52 Key words: Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), competence, Direct membrane feeding assay 53 54 55 56 57 58The worldwide annual incidence of malaria declined by 36 % between 2000 and 2015 59 (Cibulskis et al., 2016). Control measures based on vector management have played an 60 important role in reducing malaria transmission with, for example, the use of long-lasting 61 insecticide-treated nets contributing to an estimated 68 % of the decline in Plasmodium 62 falciparum incidence over this period (Bhatt et al., 2015). Since 2015 however, global progress 63 has stalled, and several African countries are currently experiencing an increase in malaria 64 incidence (WHO, 2018). The reasons for these r...

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Malaria eradication within a generation: ambitious, achievable, and necessary

Cited by 286 publications

References 204 publications

Recent Advances in the Development of Biosensors for Malaria Diagnosis

Recent Advances in the Development of Biosensors for Malaria Diagnosis

Recent Highlights in Anti‐infective Medicinal Chemistry from South Africa

Effect of irradiation on the survival and susceptibility of femaleAnopheles arabiensisto natural isolates ofPlasmodium falciparum

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