Malaria in Southern Brazil: a potential threat for a non-endemic region

Moreira, Daisson Lacerda; Cardoso, Jader C.; Deboni, Sandra Cristina; Falci, Diego Rodrigues

doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2017.07.004

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 3 publications

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“…After several control actions, autochthonous human malaria was no longer recorded in Rio Grande do Sul. (12,13,14,15,16) Then, after more than four decades, an unexpected malaria case was detected in April 2014, in a 58-year-old white male, diabetic insulin dependent, living in the anopheline-free urban area of Terra de Areia (29º35'13''S 50º03'59''W), a municipality at the northern coastal zone distant 45 km from Torres and 122 km from Porto Alegre, the capital of Rio Grande do Sul (Fig. 1).…”

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Reemergence of human malaria in Atlantic Forest of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Lemos

Silva

Deboni

et al. 2021

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Unforeseen Plasmodium infections in the Atlantic Forest of Brazilian Extra-Amazonian region could jeopardise malaria elimination. A human malaria case was registered in Três Forquilhas, in the Atlantic Forest biome of Rio Grande do Sul, after a 45 years' time-lapsed without any malaria autochthonous notification in this southern Brazilian state. This finding represents the expansion of the malaria distribution areas in Brazil and the southernmost human malaria case record in South America in this decade. The coexistence of the bromeliad-breeding vector Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii and non-human primates in the Atlantic Forest regularly visited by the patient claimed for the zoonotic origin of this infection. The reemergence of Atlantic Forest human malaria in Rio Grande do Sul was also discussed.

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confidence: 99%

Reemergence of human malaria in Atlantic Forest of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Lemos

Silva

Deboni

et al. 2021

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Towards malaria elimination: a case–control study to assess associated factors to malaria relapses in the extra-Amazon Region of Brazil from 2008 to 2019

Garcia,

de Deus Henriques,

da Silva Balieiro

et al. 2024

Malar J

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Background Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the Plasmodium species and is a global burden. When not treated correctly, it can reemerge as a relapse or recrudescence. Malaria relapse cases can contribute to maintaining active transmission chains and can influence the patient to develop severe malaria, potentially leading to hospitalization or death. The objective of this study is to estimate the number of malaria relapse cases in the extra-Amazon region of Brazil and to investigate the associated factors. Methods This is a case–control study that analyses malaria infections caused by Plasmodium vivax, as reported in Notifiable Diseases Information System (Sinan) for the Brazilian extra-Amazon region (an area not endemic for the disease) from 2008 to 2019. For the identification of relapse cases, deduplication record linkage processes in R software were used. Malaria relapses were defined as the case group, and new malaria infections were defined as the control group. Logistic regression models were used to assess associated factors. Results Of the 711 malaria relapses, 589 (82.8%) were first relapses. Most relapses (71.6%) occurred between 30 and 120 days after the previous infection. Malaria relapses are spread throughout the extra-Amazon region, with a higher concentration near big cities. Driver occupation was found to be a common risk factor compared to other occupations, along with asymptomatic individuals. Other associated factors were: being infected in the Brazilian Amazon region, having follow-ups for malaria relapses, and having parasite density of the previous infection higher than 10,000 parasites per mm3. Conclusions This study provides evidence that allows malaria health surveillance services to direct their efforts to monitor cases of malaria in the highest risk segments identified in this study, particularly in the period between 30 and 120 days after being infected and treated. Relapses were associated to driver occupation, absence of symptoms, infection in endemic areas of Brazil, being detected through active surveillance or routine follow-up actions, and with parasitaemia greater than 10,000 parasites per mm3 in the previous infection. Improving cases follow-up is essential for preventing relapses.

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Towards Malaria Elimination: A Case-Control Study to Assess Associated Factors to Malaria Relapses in the Extra-Amazon Region of Brazil From 2008 to 2019

Garcia,

Henriques,

Balieiro

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the Plasmodium species and is a global burden. When not treated correctly, it can reemerge as a relapse or recrudescence. Malaria relapse cases can contribute to maintaining active transmission chains and can influence the patient to develop severe malaria, potentially leading to hospitalization or death. The objective of this study is to estimate the number of malaria relapse cases in the extra-Amazon region of Brazil and to investigate the associated factors. Methods This is a case-control study that analyzes malaria infections caused by Plasmodium vivax, as reported in Notifiable Diseases Information System (Sinan) for the Brazilian extra-Amazon region (an area not endemic for the disease) from 2008 to 2019. For the identification of relapse cases, deduplication record linkage processes in R software were used. Malaria relapses were defined as the case group, and new malaria infections were defined as the control group. Logistic regression models were used to assess associated factors. Results Of the 711 relapse episodes, 589 (82.8%) were first relapses. Most relapses (71.6%) in the time series occurred between 30 and 120 days after the previous infection. Malaria relapse cases are spread throughout the extra-Amazon region, with a higher concentration near big cities. Driver occupation was found to be a common risk factor compared to other occupations, along with individuals without symptoms, individuals infected in the Brazilian Amazon region, individuals tested for malaria relapses, and individuals with previous infections with parasitemia higher than 10,000 parasites per mm³. Conclusions This work provides evidence that allows malaria health surveillance services to direct their efforts to monitor cases of malaria in the highest risk segments identified in this study, particularly in the period between 30 and 120 days after infection. This is an essential step to prevent new transmission chains, possible reintroductions of cases, and the progression of the disease into severe forms, thereby reducing hospitalizations and deaths. Consequently, this contributes to achieving the goals of eliminating malaria in the country.

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Malaria in Southern Brazil: a potential threat for a non-endemic region

Cited by 3 publications

References 3 publications

Reemergence of human malaria in Atlantic Forest of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Reemergence of human malaria in Atlantic Forest of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Towards malaria elimination: a case–control study to assess associated factors to malaria relapses in the extra-Amazon Region of Brazil from 2008 to 2019

Towards Malaria Elimination: A Case-Control Study to Assess Associated Factors to Malaria Relapses in the Extra-Amazon Region of Brazil From 2008 to 2019

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