Malaria in the Brazilian Amazon

Castro, Márcia C.; Singer, Burton H.

doi:10.1002/9781118148594.ch32

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…The epidemic phase involves changes in the natural forest landscape, including the biotic and abiotic conditions of forest larval habitats, that can favour species that are actively involved in the transmission of the Plasmodium to humans. Ongoing anthropogenic changes in the environment, which alter the abiotic characteristics and ecology of larval habitats [ 16 ], lead to an increase in abundance of the most important vector species and, ultimately, higher biting rates and Plasmodium infection in settler communities with poor housing conditions, lack of access to health services and low or no immunity to the pathogens [ 17 ]. The transition phase occurs several years after the initial settlements and sees gradual declines of transmission as a result of improved housing, infrastructure and public health services.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring malaria vector diversity on the Amazon Frontier

Bourke

Conn

Oliveira

et al. 2018

Malar J

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BackgroundDeforestation in the Amazon and the social vulnerability of its settler communities has been associated with increased malaria incidence. The feeding biology of the most important malaria vectors in the region, notably Nyssorhynchus darlingi, compounds efforts to control vectors and reduce transmission of what has become known as “Frontier Malaria”. Exploring Anophelinae mosquito diversity is fundamental to understanding the species responsible for transmission and developing appropriate management and intervention strategies for malaria control in the Amazon River basin.MethodsThis study describes Anophelinae mosquito diversity from settler communities affected by Frontier Malaria in the states of Acre, Amazonas and Rondônia by analysing COI gene data using cluster and tree-based species delimitation approaches.ResultsIn total, 270 specimens from collection sites were sequenced and these were combined with 151 reference (GenBank) sequences in the analysis to assist in species identification. Conservative estimates found that the number of species collected at these sites was between 23 (mPTP partition) and 27 (strict ABGD partition) species, up to 13 of which appeared to be new. Nyssorhynchus triannulatus and Nyssorhynchus braziliensis displayed exceptional levels of intraspecific genetic diversity but there was little to no support for putative species complex status.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that Anophelinae mosquito diversity continues to be underestimated in poorly sampled areas where frontier malaria is a major public health concern. The findings will help shape future studies of vector incrimination and transmission dynamics in these areas and support efforts to develop more effective vector control and transmission reduction strategies in settler communities in the Amazon River basin.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2483-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring malaria vector diversity on the Amazon Frontier

Bourke

Conn

Oliveira

et al. 2018

Malar J

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“…In addition, many of these factors are not static, but rather change/adapt to pressure or novel local conditions, bringing about additional challenges for malaria control. Examples include the development of drug and insecticide resistance, changes in vector (Chinery 1984;Sattler et al 2005;Awolola et al 2007) and human behavior (Maheu-Giroux and Castro 2013), and environmental changes (Keiser et al 2004;Gething et al 2010;Castro and Singer 2011;Yamana and Eltahir 2013;Hahn et al 2014). Therefore, although specific interventions target each of the four pieces that compose the malaria system, two equally important issues deserve special attention.…”

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confidence: 99%

Malaria Transmission and Prospects for Malaria Eradication: The Role of the Environment

Castro

2017

Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med

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Environmental factors affect the transmission intensity, seasonality, and geographical distribution of malaria, and together with the vector, the human, and the parasite compose the malaria system. Strategies that alter the environment are among the oldest interventions for malaria control, but currently are not the most prominent despite historical evidence of their effectiveness. The importance of environmental factors, the role they play considering the current goals of malaria eradication, the different strategies that can be adopted, and the current challenges for their implementation are discussed. As malaria elimination/eradication takes a prominent place in the health agenda, an integrated action, addressing all elements of the malaria system, which contributes to improved knowledge and to building local capacity and that brings about positive effects to the health of the local population has the greatest chance to produce fast, effective, and sustainable results.

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“…This disease is among the top ten causes of death in low-income countries (2) and continues to take a heavy toll on communities, especially in Africa regions. The malaria transmission cycle involves four major elements: the host (human), the parasite, the vector and the environment (3). In the absence of effective vaccine or sustainable treatment options, vector control is the cornerstone of malaria management and is based on prevention of human-host contact and reduction in vector population density (1,4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) in splice sites and prediction for the doublesex (dsx) gene alternative splicing in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae.

Djihinto¹,

Saizonou²,

Djogbénou³

2020

Preprint

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Background: Malaria burden continues to be significant in tropical regions, and conventional vector control methods are faced with challenges such as insecticide resistance. To overcome these challenges, additional vector control interventions are vital and include modern genetic approaches as well as classical methods like the sterile insect technique (SIT). In the major human malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, a candidate gene favourable for sterility induction is the doublesex (dsx) gene, encoding somatic sexually dimorphic traits in mosquitoes. However, the mechanism that regulates the expression of this gene in anopheline mosquitoes is poorly understood. This study aims to screen the An. gambiae dsx gene for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that could be critical to its alternative splicing.Result: Variant annotation data from Ag1000G project phase 2 was analysed, in order to identify splice-relevant SNPs within acceptor and donor splice sites of the An. gambiae dsx gene (Agdsx). SNPs were found in both donor and acceptor site of the Agdsx. No splice-relevant SNPs were identified in female-specific intron 4 acceptor site and the corresponding region in males. Two SNPs (rs48712947, rs48712962) were found in female-specific donor site of exon 5. They were not specific to either males or females. as the rs48712947 was found in female mosquitoes from Cameroon, and in both males and females from Burkina Faso. In the other splice sites, the intron 3 acceptor site carried the greatest abundance of SNPs.Conclusion: There were no gender association between the identified SNPs and the random distribution of these SNPs in mosquito populations. The SNPs in Agdsx splice sites are not critical for the alternative splicing. Other molecular mechanisms should be considered and investigated.

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Malaria in the Brazilian Amazon

Cited by 9 publications

References 60 publications

Exploring malaria vector diversity on the Amazon Frontier

Exploring malaria vector diversity on the Amazon Frontier

Malaria Transmission and Prospects for Malaria Eradication: The Role of the Environment

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) in splice sites and prediction for the doublesex (dsx) gene alternative splicing in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae.

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