Malaria Prevalence and Indoor-Biting Mosquito Vector Abundance in Ogbunike, Oyi Local Government Area, Anambra State, Nigeria

Onyido, AE; Obi, NC; Umeanaeto, PU; Obiukwu, MO; Egbuche, MC

doi:10.4314/afrrev.v5i3.67332

Cited by 13 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The significantly higher rate of infection among farmers in this study population substantiates the observation. This is similar to the reports of Onyido et al ( 22 ) in Anambra State and Erhabor ( 23 ) in Sokoto, North-western Nigeria. This probable occupational hazard may be explained by the observations that most farmers often live very close or within their farmlands, thus exposing them to pervasive bites of vectors, which find such environment conducive for breeding.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The high prevalence (58.1%) and average parasite density 1243.7/μL of blood obtained in this study highlight the endemicity of infection in the study area. This outcome is similar to 58.2% and 53.3% in Ogun State and Anambra State reported by Onyido et al ( 15 ) and Mogaji et al ( 16 ), respectively. However, the prevalence reported by Opreh et al ( 17 ) and Oseghale et al ( 18 ) in Southern Nigeria were lower compared to our findings.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

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Association Between Farming Activities and Plasmodium falciparum Transmission in Rural Communities in Nigeria

Babamale

Opeyemi

Bukky

et al. 2020

MJMS

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Background The connection between malaria-associated morbidities and farming activities has not been succinctly reported. This study aimed to address the connectivity between farming activities and malaria transmission. Methods The study took place in the agricultural setting of Nigeria Edu local government (9° N, 4.9° E) between March 2016 and December 2018. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was administered to obtain information on their occupation and malaria infection. Infection status was confirmed with blood film and microscopic diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum was based on the presence of ring form or any other blood stages. Individuals who are either critically ill or lived in the community less than 3 months were excluded from the study. Results Of the 341 volunteers, 58.1% (52.9% in Shigo and 61.4% in Sista) were infected (parasitaemia density of 1243.7 parasites/μL blood). The prevalence and intensity of infection were higher among farmers (71.3%, 1922.9 parasites/μL blood, P = 0.005), particularly among rice farmers (2991.6 parasites/μL blood) compared to non-farmer participants. The occurrence and parasite density follow the same pattern for sex and age ( P < 0.05). Children in the age of 6 to 10 years (AOR: 2.168, CI: 1.63–2.19) and ≥ 11 years (AOR: 3.750, CI: 2.85–3.80) groups were two-and four-fold more likely to be infected with malaria. The analysis revealed that the proximity of bush and stagnant water to the farmer (73.9%, AOR: 3.242, CI: 2.57–3.61) and non-farmer (38.1%, AOR: 1.362, CI: 1.25–1.41) habitations influence malaria transmission. Conclusion This study highlights farming activities as a risk factor for malaria infection in agro-communities. Integrated malaria control measures in agricultural communities should therefore include water and environmental management practices.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Association Between Farming Activities and Plasmodium falciparum Transmission in Rural Communities in Nigeria

Babamale

Opeyemi

Bukky

et al. 2020

MJMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Eleven studies assessed if the type of occupation of individuals is associated with the risk of contracting malaria in seven SSA countries. Seven studies were cross-sectional [33,34,50,64,55,62,83], two were case-control [82,79], and two were longitudinal in design [61,68]. Six of the studies compared the odds or prevalence of malaria between individuals with agricultural related activities (farmers) and others (civil servants, entrepreneurs, traders, students).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the study by De Castro & Fisher (2012) [50] did not report ORs/RRs estimates or provide raw data on the prevalence/incidence of malaria which was stratified by occupation status, it was excluded from the meta-analysis that estimated the odds of Plasmodium infection between farmers and non-farmers. Two studies in Ethiopia and Nigeria also reported a lack of association between the prevalence of malaria and occupation status [64,83].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving socioeconomic status may reduce the burden of malaria in sub Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2019

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BackgroundA clear understanding of the effects of housing structure, education, occupation, income, and wealth on malaria can help to better design socioeconomic interventions to control the disease. This literature review summarizes the relationship of housing structure, educational level, occupation, income, and wealth with the epidemiology of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).MethodsA systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines. The protocol for this study is registered in PROSPERO (ID=CRD42017056070), an international database of prospectively registered systematic reviews. On January 16, 2016, available literature was searched in PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library. All but case studies, which reported prevalence or incidence of Plasmodium infection stratified by socioeconomic status among individuals living in SSA, were included without any limits. Odds Ratio (OR) and Relative Risk (RR), together with 95% CI and p-values were used as effect measures. Heterogeneity was assessed using chi-square, Moran’s I2, and tau2 tests. Fixed (I2<30%), random (I2≥30%) or log-linear dose-response model was used to estimate the summary OR or RR.ResultsAfter removing duplicates and screening of titles, abstracts, and full text, 84 articles were found eligible for systematic review, and 75 of them were included in the meta-analyses. Fifty-seven studies were cross-sectional, 12 were prospective cohort, 10 were case-control, and five were randomized control trials. The odds of Plasmodium infection increased among individuals who were living in poor quality houses (OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.56–3.23, I2 = 27.7), were uneducated (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.19–1.54, I2 = 72.4.0%), and were farmers by occupation (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.11–1.85, I2 = 0.0%) [p<0.01 for all]. The odds of Plasmodium infection also increased with a decrease in the income (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01–1.03, tau2<0.001), and wealth index of individuals (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.18–1.35, tau2 = 0.028) [p<0.001 for both]. Longitudinal studies also showed an increased risk of Plasmodium infection among individuals who were living in poor quality houses (RR 1.86, 95% CI 1.47–2.25, I2 = 0.0%), were uneducated (OR 1.27, 1.03–1.50, I2 = 0.0%), and were farmers (OR 1.36, 1.18–1.58) [p<0.01 for all].ConclusionsLack of education, low income, low wealth, living in poorly constructed houses, and having an occupation in farming may increase risk of Plasmodium infection among people in SSA. Public policy measures that can reduce inequity in health coverage, as well as improve economic and educational opportunities for the poor, will help in reducing the burden of malaria in SSA.

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“…Vector density and sporozoite infection rates are key entomological indicators frequently investigated as proxies of human exposure risk [ 18 ]. Vector density has been associated with human Plasmodium prevalence and incidence in some contexts [ 19 – 23 ], but not others [ 24 – 27 ]. Entomological indicators may not be robust predictors of infection burden given the nonlinear relationship between entomological inoculation rates (product of vector biting and infection rates) and Plasmodium prevalence [ 28 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human exposure to zoonotic malaria vectors in village, farm and forest habitats in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo

et al. 2020

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The zoonotic malaria parasite, Plasmodium knowlesi , is now a substantial public health problem in Malaysian Borneo. Current understanding of P . knowlesi vector bionomics and ecology in Sabah comes from a few studies near the epicentre of human cases in one district, Kudat. These have incriminated Anopheles balabacensis as the primary vector, and suggest that human exposure to vector biting is peri-domestic as well as in forest environments. To address the limited understanding of vector ecology and human exposure risk outside of Kudat, we performed wider scale surveillance across four districts in Sabah with confirmed transmission to investigate spatial heterogeneity in vector abundance, diversity and infection rate. Entomological surveillance was carried out six months after a cross-sectional survey of P . knowlesi prevalence in humans throughout the study area; providing an opportunity to investigate associations between entomological indicators and infection. Human-landing catches were performed in peri-domestic, farm and forest sites in 11 villages (3–4 per district) and paired with estimates of human P . knowlesi exposure based on sero-prevalence. Anopheles balabacensis was present in all districts but only 6/11 villages. The mean density of An . balabacensis was relatively low, but significantly higher in farm (0.094/night) and forest (0.082/night) than peri-domestic areas (0.007/night). Only one An . balabacensis (n = 32) was infected with P . knowlesi . Plasmodium knowlesi sero-positivity in people was not associated with An . balabacensis density at the village-level however post hoc analyses indicated the study had limited power to detect a statistical association due low vector density. Wider scale sampling revealed substantial heterogeneity in vector density and distribution between villages and districts. Vector-habitat associations predicted from this larger-scale surveillance differed from those inferred from smaller-scale studies in Kudat; highlighting the importance of local ecological context. Findings highlight potential trade-offs between maximizing temporal versus spatial breadth when designing entomological surveillance; and provide baseline entomological and epidemiological data to inform future studies of entomological risk factors for human P . knowlesi infection.

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Malaria Prevalence and Indoor-Biting Mosquito Vector Abundance in Ogbunike, Oyi Local Government Area, Anambra State, Nigeria

Cited by 13 publications

References 10 publications

Association Between Farming Activities and Plasmodium falciparum Transmission in Rural Communities in Nigeria

Association Between Farming Activities and Plasmodium falciparum Transmission in Rural Communities in Nigeria

Improving socioeconomic status may reduce the burden of malaria in sub Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Human exposure to zoonotic malaria vectors in village, farm and forest habitats in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo

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