Malaria vectors resistance to commonly used insecticides in the control of malaria in Bichi, northern Nigeria

Abstract

This study was carried out in 2015 to assess the level of resistance of sibling species of Anopheles gambiae complex the principal malaria vector from Bichi in Kano state to three classes of insecticides; (DDT, Permethrin and Bendiocarb) approved by World Health Organization (WHO) for vector control with the aim of obtaining baseline susceptibility and resistance data by evaluating the potency of brands of insecticides used against the mosquito vector in the area where the disease is prevalent. An. gambiae larvae collected from ecologically contrasting breeding sites were reared to adults in the laboratory. Adults from the F1 progeny were assayed for resistance using the WHO adult insecticide susceptibility bioassay protocol. The mosquitoes were exposed to DDT, permethrin and bendiocarb belonging to 3 classes of insecticides. The individual sibling species were identified molecularly and the molecular resistance mechanisms characterized by SINE and kdr PCR methods respectively. The An. gambiae populations tested revealed high level of resistance to DDT and permethrin but less resistant to bendiocarb. Analysis of the genetic composition of the vector population revealed predominance of An. coluzzii (> 77%). L1014F and L1014S kdr mutations correlated to insecticide resistance phenotype expression. This study indicates differential distribution of the resistant genotype of Anopheles malaria vector between ecologically different habitats in the area. This insecticide resistance represents a threat to vector control tool and should be monitored. The information obtained could be useful in decision and planning making for vector control programs in the region.

Health Risk Assessment for Carcinogenic and Non Carcinogenic Heavy Metal Exposure from Hibiscus Leaf Cultivated in Katsina State, North West Nigeria

“…But the results are similar that reported in a study for the Cadmium concentration range for both unprocessed and processed bean samples from Katsina state Nigeria [27]. These differences could be due to differences in the concentration of the metal in the soils where these vegetables were grown.…”

“…The results for the heavy metals analysed in the sampled leaves are similar to that reported for heavy metals in beans and some beans products from some selected markets in Katsina state, Nigeria [27]. Lead was detected in all the samples, with 100% of samples seen to be higher than 0.01 mg/kg which is the maximum permissible limit set by WHO/FAO and also the maximum allowable concentration of 0.02 mg/kg by EU and 0.05 mg/kg limit set by USEPA [28].…”

“…In the present study, the mean Fe concentration in the leaf samples is higher than that reported in a study that evaluate heavy metals in millet from Kaduna, Nigeria [30] the Fe concentration reported for cabbage (0.360 mg/kg) from Awka, Anambra state Nigeria [38]. The result is similar to that reported for market sold beans from Katsina, Nigeria [27], but is lower to that reported in a study in eastern Nigeria [32] and that recorded by Zahir et al [40] in a study conducted in Pakistan and the results for the study conducted by Di Bella et al [34].…”

“…Samples of cultivated Hibiscus leaves were collected in the year 2017 from the selected area. Yaradua et al; AJAHR, 3(4): 1-12, 2019; Article no.AJAHR.47834 ) limit. The study suggests that consumption of the studied samples in Katsina state is of public health concern as they may contribute to the population cancer burden.…”

Health Risk Assessment for Carcinogenic and Non-carcinogenic Heavy Metal Exposures from Pepper Fruits Cultivated In Katsina State, North West Nigeria

“…Sampling for this work was carried out by dividing the catchment areas into five [5] locations. In each of the locations, the plot where the vegetables are cultivated was subdivided into twenty [6] sampling areas. Samples were collected from each of the areas and combined to form bulk sample, from which a representative sample was obtained.…”