Malate Content in Wild <i>Vitis</i> spp. Demonstrates a Range of Behaviors during Berry Maturation

Burzynski-Chang, Elizabeth A.; Brown, Elizabeth; Reshef, Noam; Sacks, Gavin L.

doi:10.5344/ajev.2019.19015

Cited by 6 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The family exhibited a mean five-fold difference in malate levels at ripeness each year, with values ranging between 3 and 21 g/L across years. These values are comparable to malate concentrations measured in V. vinifera cultivars 46 and wild V. cinerea genotypes 12,13 , representing the low and high-end, respectively, both present in the family's lineage. They cover approx.…”

Section: Progeny Of Two Families Covered a Wide Range Of Ripe Fruit Msupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Unlike vinifera, wild Vitis species (e.g. riparia and cinerea) show a lack of or diminished dissimilation of malate during ripening 12 , and malate in ripe berries of these species often exceeds 20 g/L 12,13 . These wild species are of considerable interest to grape breeders due to their resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses [14][15][16] , but excessive malate (and thus sourness) in wild Vitis and their progeny have so far limited their commercial use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stable QTL for malate levels in ripe fruit and their transferability acrossVitisspecies

Reshef

Karn

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Malate is a major contributor to the sourness of grape berries (Vitis spp.) and their products, such as wine. Excessive malate at maturity, commonly observed in wild Vitis grapes, is detrimental to grape and wine quality and complicates the introgression of valuable disease resistance and cold hardy genes through breeding. This study investigated an interspecific Vitis family that exhibited strong and stable variation in malate at ripeness for five years and tested the separate contribution of accumulation, degradation, and dilution to malate concentration in ripe fruit in the last year of study. Genotyping was performed using transferable rhAmpSeq haplotype markers, based on the Vitis collinear core genome. Three significant QTL for ripe fruit malate on chromosomes 1, 7, and 17, accounted for over two-fold and 6.9 g/L differences in ripe fruit malate, and explained 40.6% of the phenotypic variation. QTL on chromosomes 7 and 17 were stable in all and in three out of five years, respectively. Variation in pre-veraison malate was the major contributor to variation in ripe fruit malate (39%) and their associated QTL overlapped on chromosome 7, indicating a common genetic basis. However, use of transferable markers on a closely related Vitis family did not yield a common QTL across families. This suggests that diverse physiological mechanisms regulate the levels of this key metabolite in the Vitis genus, a conclusion supported by a review of over a dozen publications from the past decade, showing malate-associated genetic loci on all 19 chromosomes.

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Section: Progeny Of Two Families Covered a Wide Range Of Ripe Fruit Msupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stable QTL for malate levels in ripe fruit and their transferability acrossVitisspecies

Reshef

Karn

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Most wild Vitis spp. are known to have higher TA and malic acid berry concentrations than V. vinifera , resulting in excessively sour wines and lower wine quality [ 53 ]. In this study, there was a significantly high correlation (ranging from 0.71 to 0.96, p -value < 0.0001) between the TA and malic acid concentration in all years, indicating that variation in the TA in this population can largely be explained by the variation in malic acid.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Berry Anthocyanin, Acid, and Volatile Trait Analyses in a Grapevine-Interspecific F2 Population Using an Integrated GBS and rhAmpSeq Genetic Map

Alahakoon

Fennell

Helget

et al. 2022

Plants

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Increased map density and transferability of markers are essential for the genetic analysis of fruit quality and stress tolerance in interspecific grapevine populations. We used 1449 GBS and 2000 rhAmpSeq markers to develop a dense map for an interspecific F2 population (VRS-F2) that was derived by selfing a single F1 from a Vitis riparia x ‘Seyval blanc’ cross. The resultant map contained 2519 markers spanning 1131.3 cM and was highly collinear with the Vitis vinifera ‘PN40024’ genome. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for berry skin color and flower type were used to validate the map. Four rhAmpSeq transferable markers were identified that can be used in pairs (one pistillate and one hermaphroditic) to predict pistillate and hermaphrodite flower type with ≥99.7% accuracy. Total and individual anthocyanin diglucoside QTL mapped to chromosome 9 near a 5-O-GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE candidate gene. Malic acid QTL were observed on chromosome 1 and 6 with two MALATE DEHYRDROGENASE CYTOPLASMIC 1 and ALUMINUM-ACTIVATED MALATE TRANSPORTER 2-LIKE (ALMT) candidate genes, respectively. Modeling malic acid identified a potential QTL on chromosome 8 with peak position in proximity of another ALMT. A first-ever reported QTL for the grassy smelling volatile (E)-2-hexenal was found on chromosome 2 with a phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase candidate gene near peak markers.

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“…The breakdown of malic acid, which has accumulated during the green stage, usually begins almost simultaneously with sugar accumulation, but it is delayed by unusually cold temperatures, which improve the plant carbohydrate status by inhibiting respiration more than photosynthesis (Rienth et al, 2016;Luchaire et al, 2017). Moreover, as malate breakdown does not occur in Vitis riparia or Vitis cinerea berries, which remain highly acidic during ripening (Burzynski-Chang et al, 2020), nor in the acidless Vitis vinifera cv. Gora chirine (Diakou et al, 1997), it is not strictly required for sugar accumulation, depending on the genotype and source-sink interactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First quantitative assessment of growth, sugar accumulation and malate breakdown in a single ripening berry

et al. 2020

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Background: Most approaches to grape physiology accept that the berry and the future harvest should display identical developmental features, which obviously requires synchronised fruits.Aims: Rejecting this assumption compels to revisit the kinetic and metabolic bases of berry ripening.Methods and Results: Two to three thousand berries were individually analysed for sugar, malate and weight. The huge heterogeneity in sugar and malic acid concentrations among fruits was mostly explained by time lags in the onset of sugar storage, which proved nearly as long as the second growth phase. Individual berries from different cultivars displayed similar kinetics following the normalisation of their maximal volume. Phloem sucrose unloading started at its maximum speed at softening, but growth resumed one week later. Four hexoses accumulated per malic acid, which was oxidised during the first two weeks of ripening, and then malate breakdown stopped without affecting sugar accumulation. Sugar and water accumulation were simultaneously arrested four weeks after softening, at 0.9 M hexose, at which point sugar concentration continued through water losses.Conclusions: The accepted sequential random sampling methods representative of average fruit and future wine compositions have led to a scrambled vision of grape developmental biology, presenting serious kinetic and composition biases. Single berry composition provides first quantitative evidence for the induction of a dominant H+/sucrose exchange on the tonoplast, which is first electro-neutralised by malate breakdown, then by ATP demanding H+ recirculation, in line with functional and molecular studies.Significance of the Study: The kinetics of single berry ripening are presented for the first time. A more reliable and reproducible model of berry growth, sugar import and malate breakdown is shown here, which have definitively been improved from a quantitative point of view. It illustrates that the temporal structure of a berry population may largely contribute to future wine quality, in addition to metabolic plasticity, thereby providing another target for the impact of GxE interaction. In this respect, addressing the structure of berry cohorts may provide a new approach regarding the developmental biology/terroir nexus.

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Malate Content in Wild Vitis spp. Demonstrates a Range of Behaviors during Berry Maturation

Cited by 6 publications

References 30 publications

Stable QTL for malate levels in ripe fruit and their transferability acrossVitisspecies

Stable QTL for malate levels in ripe fruit and their transferability acrossVitisspecies

Berry Anthocyanin, Acid, and Volatile Trait Analyses in a Grapevine-Interspecific F2 Population Using an Integrated GBS and rhAmpSeq Genetic Map

First quantitative assessment of growth, sugar accumulation and malate breakdown in a single ripening berry

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