Malay: its history, role and spread

What people ask David Gil and why: Rejoinder to the replies

“…Malay was used as an interethnic vehicle in various kingdoms in southeastern Sumatra for over a thousand years starting in the 600s; Malay loanwords in Old Javanese, Tagalog, and even Malagasy are ample testimony to this (Adelaar 1996, Grimes 1996. Today Malay (often under the name of Indonesian) continues to serve as a common coin for peoples across an area that is home to hundreds of minority languages.…”

Some introductory notes on the development and characteristics of Sabah Malay

“…The latter refers to vernacular, non-literary varieties spoken among Malays. An essentially similar distinction is made by Adelaar and Prentice (1996) and Adelaar (2005a), who use the terms 1) literary Malay, 2) trade-Malay or pidgin-derived Malay and 3) vernacular Malay. This study on Sabah Malay offers several new perspectives on Malay dialectology in a more general context.…”

Tracing the linguistic crossroads between Malay and Tamil

“…In a paper on the language history of Malay, Adelaar and Prentice (1996) distinguish "literary Malay varieties", "pidgin-derived varieties", and "Malayic vernaculars". This distinction roughly corresponds to 'written Malay' (Bahasa Məlayu Tulisan), 'regional Malay' (Bahasa Məlayu Daerah) and 'spoken Malay' (Bahasa Məlayu Lisan), and 'Bazaar Malay' (Bahasa Məlayu Pasar) proposed by Hassan (1969).…”