Male aggressiveness in a polygynous ungulate varies with social and ecological context

Abstract

Aggression is a social behaviour which can be affected by numerous factors. The quality and quantity of food resources may play an important role in the aggressiveness of territorial ungulates as the defence of these resources influences female choice and mating opportunities. However, the relationship between food resources and aggression remains poorly understood. We assessed the ecological and social factors that influence aggression in Lama guanicoe, a territorial ungulate exhibiting resource‐defence polygyny, during three periods (group‐formation, mating and post‐mating) in the reproductive seasons of 2014 and 2016. We recorded 460 focal observations of territorial (family groups, solitary) and non‐territorial (mixed and bachelor groups) males. We performed analyses at the population level (including all focal observations) and at the group level (each social unit separately), to test whether the factors that influence aggression differ at these different scales. We also identified proxies of vegetation quality as potential predictors of aggression. At the population level, we found that the presence of aggressive behaviour peaked during the mating season and that post‐mating aggression may have been driven by inter‐annual environmental variations. For family groups and solitary males, variables reflecting high vegetation quality/quantity were predictors of aggressive behaviour, reflecting the resource‐defence strategy of this species. Conversely, for mixed‐group males, aggression may be more associated with social instability and group size, although this hypothesis has yet to be tested. Our research reinforces the idea that aggression can occur in multiple contexts depending on male status (e.g. territorial or non‐territorial) and contributes to our understanding of how ecological (i.e. availability of food resources) and social factors influence aggression in a territorial ungulate.

The effect of age, sex, and resource abundance on patterns of rake markings in resident killer whales (Orcinus orca)

“…Life history events, such as maturation and reproduction, can perpetuate aggression in animal societies as a result of competition for different resources by males and females (Clutton‐Brock & Huchard, 2013). High levels of physical aggression as a result of intense competition for females (Andersson, 1994) are commonly observed among adult males in many polygynous mammal species, including primates, (King et al, 2008; Muller & Wrangham, 2009), Asian elephants ( Elephas maximus ; Seltmann et al, 2019), ungulates (Panebianco et al, 2020), and bottlenose dolphins (Smuts & Smuts, 1993). Conversely, the frequency of aggressive interactions by females is assumed to be lower than in males (Darwin, 1871) as a result of female competition being more intense over access to resources vital for reproduction, rather than access to mates (Gadgil and Bossert, 1970; Stockley & Bro‐Jorgensen, 2011).…”