Male Breast Cancer: A Population-Based Comparison With Female Breast Cancer

Abstract

There were three intriguing results. Age-specific incidence patterns showed that the biology of male breast cancer resembled that of late-onset female breast cancer. Similar breast cancer incidence trends among men and women suggested that there are common breast cancer risk factors that affect both sexes, especially estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Finally, breast cancer mortality and survival rates have improved significantly over time for both male and female breast cancer, but progress for men has lagged behind that for women.

The biological markers and results of treatment in male breast cancer patients. The Cracow experience.

“…According to Anderson et al, male breast cancer is characterised by similar biological factors to those present in the female variant of the cancer [18]. However, these tumors are diagnosed in more advanced stages of the disease, are characterised by higher degree of differentiation (more frequently G1, G2 grade) and a lower mitotic index in comparison to female breast cancer [5,19].…”

“…in Klinefelter's syndrome) as well as the use of estrogenes in prostate cancer treatment [6,8,9,10,11]. Other factors include alcoholism, liver cirrhosis, the presence of hereditary BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations and exposure to ionizing radiation, the electromagnetic field and increased temperature [6,8,9,12,13,14,15,16,17].According to Anderson et al, male breast cancer is characterised by similar biological factors to those present in the female variant of the cancer [18]. However, these tumors are diagnosed in more advanced stages of the disease, are characterised by higher degree of differentiation (more frequently G1, G2 grade) and a lower mitotic index in comparison to female breast cancer [5,19].…”

“…There are also differences in the frequency of the expression of hormone receptors and growth factor receptors [19,20]. Besides, the prognosis for male breast cancer is worse [5,18,20,21]. A study by Baojiang et al of 5-year survival rates of patients suffering from male breast carcinoma and female breast carcinoma produced the following results: 61.2% and 68.7% (DFS), and 75.% and 82.9% (OS), respectively [20].…”

Validity and Reliability of Turkish Male Breast Self-Examination Instrument

“…Although it is thought to be a disease typical in women, about 1% of all breast cancers appears in men (1,2). While it occurs in men aged 65 years on average, its incidence shows a peak at the ages of 68-71 years (3,4).…”

Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Quality of Life and Body Image in Women With Breast Cancer Undergoing Mastectomy

“…Therefore, although the prevalence of this disease in Iran is about one-fifth of that in the Western countries, its death toll is unfortunately much more [24]. The incidence of breast cancer in men is 200 times fewer than women [1].…”