Male‐female earnings differentials in Malaysia

Lee, Kiong‐Hock; Nagaraj, Shyamala

doi:10.1080/00220389508422373

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…However, Chapman and Harding (1985) failed to investigate the existence of discrimination within the gender wage gap, although they found that women earned considerably less than men due to differences in skills, causing women to be usually employed in low-paying occupations. Other studies which found the existence of discrimination are Lee and Nagaraj (1995), Latifah (1998Latifah ( , 2000, Idris (2012), andSeshan (2013). On the contrary, Rahmah and Zulridah (2005) concluded that, instead of discrimination, demographic factors and human capital variables were the main causes of gender wage differentials in the manufacturing sector in Malaysia.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Analysis of Glass Ceiling and Sticky Floor Effects for Gender Wage Gap in Malaysian Labour Market

Mansur¹,

Radam

Yaakub

2017

JEM

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Most past studies of gender wage differentials estimate wage models using the entire sample for different gender groups. The estimated coefficients are then used in wage decomposition formula to identify the contribution of variables to the wage gap. However, quantile regression is preferred nowadays as it allows the regressors to be associated with the shape of wage distribution, whereby the glass ceiling and sticky floor effects can be identified. This paper attempts to examine the extent to which the glass ceiling and sticky floor effects exist across wage distribution in the Malaysian labour market. The analysis is based on 1263 workers data in the services and manufacturing sectors surveyed in 2015. The results demonstrate that the gender wage gaps are larger towards the lowest wage distribution, a finding that is consistent with the existence of sticky floor effect. Besides, the gender earnings gap is lower between 25 th and 50 th percentiles, but increases at the 75 th percentile and reaches the highest at the 90 th percentile reflecting the existence of glass ceiling effect.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In Malaysia many previous studies prove that women consistently earn less than men (see Chua 1984;Chapman & Harding 1986;Lee & Nagaraj 1995;Low & Goy 2006& Fernandez 2006Rahmah & Idris 2012). However, these studies adopt wage decomposition method in looking at determinants of gender wage differentials including discrimination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Analysis of Glass Ceiling and Sticky Floor Effects for Gender Wage Gap in Malaysian Labour Market

Mansur¹,

Radam

Yaakub

2017

JEM

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“…But differential access to occupations depends in part on The Singapore Economic Review characteristics; so the contrasting findings of these studies probably owe more to the model structure than to the real source of the differentials. Lee and Nagaraj (1995) analyzed a sample of 1413 employees in the manufacturing sector in the Klang Valley. The authors arrived at conclusions that accord closely with the above findings of Chapmen and Harding, that 46% (on average) of the male-female earnings differential is attributable to the effects of discrimination, despite a detailed control for explanatory variables 2 in earnings specification.…”

Section: Economic Development and Income Inequality In The Malaysian mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Empirical evidence in Malaysia has revealed that women consistently earn less than men (see Chua, 1984;Chapman and Harding, 1986;Lee and Nagaraj, 1995;Ariffin et al, 1996;Mohamad-Nor, 1997;Milanovic, 2001;Fernandez, 2006). A substantial fraction of the reported gender earnings gap is attributed to the unequal treatment of workers of equal productivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in Decline: Quantile Regression of Male–female Earnings Differential in Malaysia

Goy

Johnes

2015

Singapore Econ. Rev.

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Semiparametric estimation has gained significant attention in the study of wage inequality between men and women in recent years. By extending the wage gap at the mean towards the entire wage distribution using quantile regression, it enables researchers to ascertain the direction and the proportions of differences in characteristics and returns to these characteristics at different parts of the wage distribution. This line of research has been prominent in western society but has not yet been explored in the context of the Malaysian labor market. To fill the gap, this paper examines the gender earnings gap in Malaysia between 1994 and 2004 using Malaysia Population and Family Survey data. The gender earnings differential, as measured by the log percentage point is 53% in 1994. The difference reduces to 45% for a restricted sample and 42% for the unrestricted sample in 2004. However, it was found that the gender wage gap reduces as we move up the wage distribution. This suggests that women suffer from a sticky floor effect, i.e., the gender wage gap is bigger at the bottom of distribution. More importantly, the observed gender wage differentials do not reflect differences in the productive characteristics of the workers. In fact, it accounts for very little, if any, of the gap in Malaysia. However, the extent of the price effect is larger at the bottom end of the distribution than at the top.

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“…Strong discrimination in the service sector is prevalent. Other studies which found the existence of discrimination in Malaysia are Lee and Nagaraj (1995) and Latifah (1998 Norma et al 1991;Koshal et al, 1998;Tan, 1991;Zubaidah et al, 2009). The glass ceiling syndrome is found to be in practice in Malaysia in 1990s.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Glass Ceiling and Sticky Floor in Malaysia

Abidin

Noor²,

Ngah³

2016

ASS

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Usage of quantile regression is preferred nowadays to examine the gender earnings differentials across the earnings distribution. Based on Household Income Survey of 2009 and 2012, this paper examines the issue in Malaysia. The objective of this study is to evaluate the extent of gender earnings differentials across the earnings distribution in 2009 and 2012, whether the glass ceiling or sticky floor exists in the labour market in Malaysia. Based on the pooled quantile regression analysis, the established results indicate that the earnings gap is increasingly larger towards the bottom of the earnings distribution, a finding that is consistent with the existence of sticky floor in both years. Besides, the gender earnings gap is also accelerating between 75 th to 90 th percentiles, reflecting that the glass ceiling also prevails at the top of the earnings distribution in both years. Furthermore, it is noted that the impact of sticky floor is greater than glass ceiling. Nonetheless, further findings denote that the extent of sticky floor had been reduced whilst glass ceiling had increased within the period.

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Male‐female earnings differentials in Malaysia

Cited by 15 publications

References 12 publications

Analysis of Glass Ceiling and Sticky Floor Effects for Gender Wage Gap in Malaysian Labour Market

Analysis of Glass Ceiling and Sticky Floor Effects for Gender Wage Gap in Malaysian Labour Market

Differences in Decline: Quantile Regression of Male–female Earnings Differential in Malaysia

Exploring the Glass Ceiling and Sticky Floor in Malaysia

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