Male Infertility; Evidences, Risk Factors, Causes, Diagnosis and Management in Human

Abstract

Infertility has become ominous problem. On an average, about 10% of all couples face difficulty in starting a family and this creates a feeling of great personal failure, particularly in India where religious and socio-economic traditions have made it almost imperative for everyone to have children. A significant association had been found between impaired semen quality including sperm count, motility and morphology. In this review, the various contributory etiological factors i.e., exposure to heavy metals, pesticides, industrial chemicals, endocrine factors, genetics causes and modern life style had been discussed which have a serious impact on male infertility. In this article we analyzed data from different sources and present evidences of the possible etiology and risk factors for male infertility. There is a need to emerge at the indiscriminate use and disposal of environmental chemicals. Especially pesticides and industrial chemicals as the chemicals enter the food chain, surface and ground water which had potential for exposure during the critical period of development further avoiding tobacco smoking, excessive alcoholism, excessive heat exposure to the testes can help in improving the semen quality.

In vivo effects of black tea on the male rat reproductive system and functions of the kidney and liver

“…where an increased testis weight with a tendency to a decreased epididymal weight in rats exposed to black tea was reported, our study demonstrated that the weights of prostate, seminal vesicles, epididymis and testes, which are testosterone-sensitive, remained unchanged. In keeping with the previous study (Wang et al, 2011), histological examination of the testes and epididymis exposed to Male infertility is caused by reduced sperm number (oligozoospermia), reduced sperm motility (asthenozoospermia), abnormal sperm morphology (teratozoospermia), reduced sperm viability (necrozoospermia) or a combination of any of these, varicocele, sexual and ejaculatory dysfunctions (Banihani et al, 2012;Guzick et al, 2001;Sharma, 2017). The current study revealed that sperm concentration was not affected by black tea; however, an improved sperm motility and sperm vitality was noted.…”

“…Male infertility is caused by reduced sperm number (oligozoospermia), reduced sperm motility (asthenozoospermia), abnormal sperm morphology (teratozoospermia), reduced sperm viability (necrozoospermia) or a combination of any of these, varicocele, sexual and ejaculatory dysfunctions (Banihani et al, 2012; Guzick et al, 2001; Sharma, 2017). The current study revealed that sperm concentration was not affected by black tea; however, an improved sperm motility and sperm vitality was noted.…”

The possible protective effect of Omega 3 fatty acids against Bisphenol A induced disruption of pituitary-testicular axis in albino rat. Biohemical, Histological and Immunohistochemical study

“…About 50% of couple's infertility is due to male factors [1] . Male factors roughly could be classified into genetic (chromosomal abnormalities) or non genetic [2] . Regarding non genetic factors, at least 10% are exogenous and reversible such as the impacts of lifestyle, environmental and psychological factors [3] .…”

“…A variety of chemical compounds have been released into the environment due to marked expansion of chemical industries worldwide. Male exposure to these chemical contaminants, which are estrogen mimics and endocrine disruptors, has been claimed as one of the causative factors contributing to the increasing male infertility [2] .…”

Male Infertility Problem: A Contemporary Review on Present Status and Future Perspective

“…Men who were significantly stressed had lower levels of testosterone and higher levels of FSH and LH than men with normal well-being thus reducing sperm counts and sperm morphology and motility. 45 Further, sleep disturbances may possibly have adverse effects on male fertility, as semen volume was lower in patients with difficulty in initiating sleep, including those who smoked or were overweight. 46 Treatments Semen analysis and assays for sperm chromatin integrity are the most widely utilized and best studied adjunctive diagnostics in male infertility.…”