Male unemployment and crime in England and Wales

Violent Crime in the United States of America: A Time-Series Analysis Between 1960–2000

“…Third, my evidence is consistent with previous studies which suggest that unemployment plays a marginal role in violent crime (e.g. Levitt, 2001;Carmichael and Ward, 2001;Levitt, 1996;Elliot and Ellingworth, 1996). Fourth, I find a causal link between alcohol consumption and violent crime, which support findings reported by Raphael and Winter-Ebmer (2001).…”

“…Unemployment duration carried mixed signs in different violent crime felonies, but none of the estimated elasticities were statistically significant, hence supporting previous findings (e.g. Carmichael and Ward, 2001;Levitt, 2001, Levitt, 1996. In Greenberg's (2001) study, however, unemployment duration was found to have a negative and significant effect on homicide.…”

“…6 Recent studies by Levitt (1996Levitt ( , 2001) using state-level panel data for the United States found no significant impact of the unemployment rate on violent crime offences (with the exception of robbery). Similar conclusions come from Elliot and Ellingworth (1996) and Carmichael and Ward (2001) who applied the 1992 British Crime Survey and county-level data for England and Wales, respectively. Interestingly, other studies using national and state-level data for the United States (Greenberg, 2001;Raphael and Winter-Ebmer, 2001), and also the one carried out by Entorf and Spengler (2000) for Germany, reported a negative association between unemployment and the serious violent crime offence(s) of rape and/or murder.…”

Psychological Effects of Youth Unemployment in Ghana

“…Yarquah and Baafi-Frimpong (2012) examined the social cost of educated youth unemployment in Ghana and reported that educated youth unemployment led to streetism and its attended social vices such as stealing, drug abuse and prostitution. In their investigation of the link between unemployment and crime, Carmichael and Ward (2001) revealed that youth unemployment and the different types of crime such as theft, burglary, fraud and forgery in England and Wales are positively correlated.…”

Life is now! Time preferences and crime: Aggregate evidence from the Italian regions

“…Since unemployment is likely to proxy also for income distribution (e.g., Brandolini et al, 2004), a 4 Also for unemployment, we consider the one year lagged values of both rates, following the empirical strategy discussed in Allen (1996) and Levitt (2001). According to Carmichael and Ward (2001) and Fougère et al (2009), youth unemployment is expected to increase crime. Caruso and Schneider (2011) emphasize the frustration and the political violence emerging in the presence of growing rates of youth unemployment.…”