Maleic Anhydride, Maleic Acid, and Fumaric Acid

Abstract

Scientific and technological developments in the manufacture and use of maleic anhydride, maleic acid, and fumaric acid are reviewed over the past 20 years. Physical and chemical properties for these three chemicals are updated with literature citations when available. Key derivatives are summarized, including acid chlorides and reaction products of these chemicals formed from acylation, alkylation, amidation, concerted nonpolar reactions of various kinds, decomposition and decarboxylation, electrophilic addition, esterification, free‐radical reactions, Grignard‐type reactions, halogenation, hydration and dehydration, hydroformylation, isomerization, ligation‐to‐metal atoms, nucleophilic addition, oxidation, polymerization, reduction, and sulfonation. Manufacturing processes for maleic anhydride are described, including those using fixed‐ fluidized‐ and transport‐bed technologies for selective oxidation of butane. A survey is given of catalyst developments through the end of 2000. Regardless of the reactor type used, all catalysts producing maleic anhydride from butane consist of a vanadyl pyrophosphate phase, (VO) 2 P 2 O 7 . Details are presented on maleic anhydride and its two diacid isomers with respect to shipment, economic aspects, specifications, analytical and test methods, toxicology, and principal uses.

Recent developments in maleic acid synthesis from bio-based chemicals

“…Historically, these two acids were first prepared in the 1830's, [9] but their commercial manufacture did not begin until almost one century later. Maleic acid was commercially available in 1928 and fumaric acid production began in 1932 using an acid-catalyzed isomerization of maleic acid process.…”

“…The support is an inert oxide such as alumina or silica of a relatively low surface area. The conversion of benzene to maleic anhydride is a less complex oxidation than the conversion of butane, which enables obtaining very good conversions together with high selectivities [9].…”

“…The production and the use of chemicals and fuels from biomass [9,[21][22][23] seem to be an ideal solution to tackle environmental issues and fossil resources progressive depletion, if correct measures are taken. In that context, biomassderived platform molecules, such as maleic acid, fumaric acid or maleic anhydride have been identified as top value-added chemicals.…”

Modeling of partial oxidation in gas–solids downer reactors

“…As compared to benzene oxidation process which offered atom economy 4 of 44%, butane oxidation process offered an atom economy of about 65%, thus making it ''greener'' process. In the present day context of global warming issues, the latter route is definitely preferred as the earlier process released two molecules of CO 2 per molecule of reactant (benzene) used. Rapid increase in the price of benzene and strict pollution control norms in the next few decades necessitated commercialization of n-butane process and the first commercial plant was commissioned operational in 1974 by Monsanto.…”

Méretvariált magnetit nanorészecskék előállítása és felületmódosítása polianionos védőrétegekkel

“…Ez arra utal, hogy a kismolekulájú citromsav és a PAM makromolekula adszorpciós mechanizmusa hasonló. A PAM ismétlődő egysége (akrilsav-ko-maleinsav) három karboxilcsoportot tartalmaz, amiből a maleinsavhoz tartozó kettő alkalmas a citromsav esetében jól ismert fém-karboxilát komplex képzésére (Felthouse et al, 2007;Hsiou et al, 1989;Rosenqvist et al, 2003;Nigam et al, 2011;Todorovsky et al, 2002).…”