Maleic diamide polymerizable surfactants. Applications in emulsion polymerization

Improving the water sensitivity of polyvinyl acetate PVAc films as well as pressure sensitivity, adhesion and washability of polybutyl acrylate were achieved by using bis (2-ethylhexyl) maleate (BEHM). The emulsion polymerization kinetics of vinyl acetate and butyl acrylate in presence of BEHM was studied. The order of the polymerization reaction with respect to the BEHM in presence of each of vinyl acetate and butyl acrylate was studied. The physicomechanical properties of the polyvinyl acetate films and vinyl acetate-butyl acrylate copolymer films were studied in presence of BEHM and the obtained results were matched with those prepared in the presence of pluronic F 108 and showed superior values. The obtained mean average molecular weights were found to be smaller in presence of BEHM assuring the presence of chain transfer reaction.

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“…This phenomena was also found by Klimenkovs et al [28]. Acetate) and Poly (Butyl Acrylate) Lattices.…”

Section: Kinetic Study Of Emulsion Polymerization Of Vac and Buasupporting

confidence: 79%

The Emulsion Polymerization of Each of Vinyl Acetate and Butyl Acrylate Monomers Using bis (2-ethylhexyl) Maleate for Improving the Physicomechanical Properties of Paints and Adhesive Films

Shaffei¹,

Moustafa

Hamed³

2009

International Journal of Polymer Science

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“…To examine the stability, DLS measurements of the PS emulsions were carried out immediately after preparation and after prolonged storage; as seen in Table , the size was found to increase upon storage, when the amount of surfmer was less than 5 mol %, suggesting the formation of aggregates which finally leads to coagulation. Previous studies reported that a small amount of an ionic surfactant was required as a coemulsifier to enhance the stability of the emulsions prepared by nonionic surfactants . SEM images (Figure ) indicated formation of spherical particles with uniform sizes; however, the presence of PEG chains on the surface as well as the high accelerating voltage caused significant amount of interparticle fusion, as is evident from the images.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…Previous studies reported that a small amount of an ionic surfactant was required as a coemulsifier to enhance the stability of the emulsions prepared by nonionic surfactants. 12 SEM images (Figure 3) indicated formation of spherical particles with uniform sizes; however, the presence of PEG chains on the surface as well as the high accelerating voltage caused significant amount of interparticle fusion, as is evident from the images. However, DLS data shown in the inset exhibit monomodal distribution of particles.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Typically, surfactants are physisorbed on the emulsion particles; however, when surfactants that carry a polymerizable group (often termed surfmers) are used during the emulsion polymerization, the surfmer becomes covalently attached to the polymerized latexes, thereby significantly enhancing their colloidal stability . Several ionic and nonionic surfmers carrying maleate, − styrene, − and (meth)acrylates , have been used as surfmers to prepare stable latexes, wherein the nature of the hydrophilic segments determines the surface functionality. The subtle nuances of using surfmers for the preparation of polymeric emulsions have been nicely enunciated in a recent review by Guyot …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surface-Functionalized Polystyrene Latexes Using Itaconate-Based Surfmers

Chakraborty

Ramakrishnan

2018

Langmuir

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Itaconic acid was readily transformed to a series of amphiphilic diesters via stepwise esterification of itaconic anhydride; the diesters carry one alkyl (cetyl or octyl) group and either a PEG, glyceryl, or dopamine segment. These diesters were used as surfmers for the preparation of polystyrene (PS) emulsions, with the expectation that the surface of the emulsion particles would carry PEG, glyceryl or dopamine units. NMR spectroscopic studies revealed that the surfmers were covalently incorporated into the polystyrene chains; furthermore, NMR tube polymerization experiments also confirmed that when the PEG surfmer was used, the PEG segments are indeed present on the surface of the emulsion particles. The size of the PEGlyated PS emulsions was readily varied from 35 to 140 nm by changing the mole fraction of surfmer used. In the case of the glyceryl and dopamine carrying surfmers, an octyl unit was used as the hydrophobic segment to ensure appropriate hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance; it was noticed that significantly larger mole fractions of the surfmers were required (15-20 mol %) to generate stable emulsions with particle sizes of about 150 nm. The PS emulsions carrying dopamine units on the surface were found to adhere to glass surfaces; thus suggesting that such "sticky" emulsion particles could be used to functionalize different types of surfaces. Finally, itaconate diesters bearing cetyl and perfluorooctyl segments were also prepared and shown to copolymerize with styrene to generate fluoroalkyl-enriched PS copolymers; these were used to generate hydrophobic coatings, with water contact angles of over 120°. Thus, itaconate-based surfmers are readily accessible alternatives for the preparation of emulsions with tailored size and surface functionality.

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“…Since polymerizable surfactants are covalently incorporated into the polymer chains by copolymerizing with the main monomers, they connect to the particle surface and reduce the surface tension effectively, thereby improving latex properties like particle size, colloidal stability, etc. [11][12][13]. The use of polymerizable surfactants in emulsion polymerization has drawn much attention since the first discovery of them in 1958 [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural and Physicochemical Properties of a Polymerizable Surfactant Synthesized from N‐Methylol Acrylamide

Tamer

Yamak

Yıldırım

2016

J Surfact & Detergents

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A new polymerizable nonionic surfactant with reactive vinyl groups has been synthesized from N‐methylol acrylamide using a two‐step procedure. The structure of the surfactant molecule was characterized by Fourier transform infrared, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. The surface active properties alongside its self‐assembly properties were investigated by surface tension, electrical conductivity, and fluorescence spectroscopy measurements. As compared with other nonionic surfactants, this study showed that this polymerizable surfactant possesses slightly a higher critical micelle concentration (CMC) value and the surface tension value at CMC. The obtained CMC values were compatible among measurements, ca. 0.02–0.038 M. The evidence of micelle formation also provided by the zeta potential measurements and the obtained zeta potential values showed that the polymerizable surfactant solutions had limited stability. The hydrolysis stability and solubility of the polymerizable surfactant were also investigated. The solubility results have shown that it was soluble in polar solvents while insoluble in nonpolar solvents both at room temperature and 40 °C. The acidic and basic hydrolysis of the surfactant increased as the temperature increased and the hydrolysis stability was 180 min (basic medium) and 55 min (acidic medium) at 80 °C.

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Maleic diamide polymerizable surfactants. Applications in emulsion polymerization

Cited by 16 publications

References 10 publications

The Emulsion Polymerization of Each of Vinyl Acetate and Butyl Acrylate Monomers Using bis (2-ethylhexyl) Maleate for Improving the Physicomechanical Properties of Paints and Adhesive Films

The Emulsion Polymerization of Each of Vinyl Acetate and Butyl Acrylate Monomers Using bis (2-ethylhexyl) Maleate for Improving the Physicomechanical Properties of Paints and Adhesive Films

Surface-Functionalized Polystyrene Latexes Using Itaconate-Based Surfmers

Structural and Physicochemical Properties of a Polymerizable Surfactant Synthesized from N‐Methylol Acrylamide

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