Malignant anal sac melanoma in dogs: eleven cases (2000 to 2015)

Vinayak, Arathi; Frank, Chad; Gardiner, David W.; Thieman‐Mankin, Kelley; Worley, Deanna R.

doi:10.1111/jsap.12637

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Mean age at diagnosis is around 10–11 years of age, and several studies have identified breeds more prone to develop this oral form, such as poodles, golden and Labrador retrievers, Rottweilers, Yorkshire terrier, cocker spaniels, chow-chows, Scottish terriers, and daschunds (Figure 4A) [34,38,39,40,42,43,44]. Other mucosal sites comprise the anorectal region [45], intestines [46], and nasal cavity, but these entities are very rare in dogs [47,48,49].…”

Section: Canine Mucosal Melanomamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some cases of intranasal or anal sac melanoma have been reported, but these are rare and prognosis is poor. In a recent study, 12 anal sac melanoma cases were treated with surgery most of the time with or without adjuvant chemotherapy, and 10/12 dogs experienced local recurrence or metastasis to regional lymph nodes, penis, or lungs [45].…”

Section: Canine Mucosal Melanomamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In canine melanomas, location is the major prognostic factor (Figure 2). Indeed, the oral subtype carries the worse prognosis, with reported median survival times (MST) between 3 months and 24 months, according to the stage (modified WHO staging system from I to IV, with tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastases) and treatment [33,34,45,46,52,59,60,65,68,69,70]. The MST for dogs with surgically resected stage II–III oral melanoma is only 3–12 months, with an estimated one year survival rate of only 20% [70,74].…”

Section: Canine Mucosal Melanomamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Canine Melanomas as Models for Human Melanomas: Clinical, Histological, and Genetic Comparison

Prouteau

André

2019

Genes

111

110

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Despite recent genetic advances and numerous ongoing therapeutic trials, malignant melanoma remains fatal, and prognostic factors as well as more efficient treatments are needed. The development of such research strongly depends on the availability of appropriate models recapitulating all the features of human melanoma. The concept of comparative oncology, with the use of spontaneous canine models has recently acquired a unique value as a translational model. Canine malignant melanomas are naturally occurring cancers presenting striking homologies with human melanomas. As for many other cancers, dogs present surprising breed predispositions and higher frequency of certain subtypes per breed. Oral melanomas, which are much more frequent and highly severe in dogs and cutaneous melanomas with severe digital forms or uveal subtypes are subtypes presenting relevant homologies with their human counterparts, thus constituting close models for these human melanoma subtypes. This review addresses how canine and human melanoma subtypes compare based on their epidemiological, clinical, histological, and genetic characteristics, and how comparative oncology approaches can provide insights into rare and poorly characterized melanoma subtypes in humans that are frequent and breed-specific in dogs. We propose canine malignant melanomas as models for rare non-UV-induced human melanomas, especially mucosal melanomas. Naturally affected dogs offer the opportunity to decipher the genetics at both germline and somatic levels and to explore therapeutic options, with the dog entering preclinical trials as human patients, benefiting both dogs and humans.

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Section: Canine Mucosal Melanomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Canine Mucosal Melanomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Canine Mucosal Melanomamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Canine Melanomas as Models for Human Melanomas: Clinical, Histological, and Genetic Comparison

Prouteau

André

2019

Genes

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110

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“…Apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) is a malignant epithelial neoplasm comprising 2% of all canine skin tumors and 17% of perianal malignancies, with the remaining tumor types consisting of perianal adenoma or adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. A clinical staging scheme was proposed and then tested in a study of 130 dogs with naturally occurring diseases [ 5 ] ( Table 1 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of Canine Apocrine Gland Anal Sac Adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) Tumor Specimen Shrinkage after Formalin Fixation

Wustefeld‐Janssens

Vinayak

Parker

et al. 2022

Animals

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The aim was to prospectively measure the shrinkage of primary apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) tumors after 24 and 48 h of formalin fixation. Dogs that were diagnosed with AGASACA pre-operatively by aspiration cytology were prospectively enrolled in the study. Tumor extirpation was performed in a closed technique. The tumor and associated tissues were examined on the back table away from the patient and the widest dimension of the tumor was measured using a sterile ruler (Medline®; Northfield, IL, USA). This measurement was recorded in mm (t0). The tissue was placed in 10% buffered formalin and stored at room temperature. Two further measurements were taken after 24 (t24) and 48 (t48) hours of formalin fixation. Once the 48 h measurement was taken, the tissue was submitted for histopathology. The percentage of shrinkage between time points was calculated by using the following equation: (1 − [time b/time a]) × 100. Overall, 23 dogs with 23 tumors were enrolled. The mean percentage of shrinkage after 24 and 48 h of formalin fixation was 4.8% and 7.2%, respectively. The median diameter of the tumors reduced by 1 mm over 48 h and was not significantly different at any time point. These data will aid clinicians in interpreting measurements of AGASACA tumors following formalin fixation and shows that minimal change in tumor size is expected following 48 h.

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“…Common diseases of the canine anal sacs and glands include impactions, neoplasia, inflammation, and infection 4–6 . Apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma is the most commonly reported neoplasia of the anal sacs and glands, with other tumors, including squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma, reported less frequently 6–8 . Computed tomography is widely used to determine the size of the tumors of the anal glands 9 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anal sacculiths may be an incidental finding in dogs

Heng

Lim

Fulkerson

et al. 2020

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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Mineral‐attenuating material is occasionally seen in the anal sacs of dogs during abdominal CT studies. This retrospective, descriptive study was performed to estimate the prevalence and CT appearance of this mineral‐attenuating material. A total of 357 abdominal CTs were reviewed retrospectively. The mineral‐attenuating material was most easily identifiable using the brain window setting (window width: 120 HU; window level: 40 HU). In the current study, the prevalence of mineral‐attenuating material in the anal sacs was 7.6% (95% confidence interval, 5.0‐10.8%) with 48.1% bilateral involvement and equal distribution in the right and left in dogs with unilateral involvement. Successful collection and material analysis were performed in three dogs. The material was determined to be 100% dried blood, 100% waxy matter, and a “small amount of fat enmeshed in unidentified noncrystallined material.” Given the CT appearance and the Hounsfield unit of these mineral‐attenuating material within the anal sacs, the term “anal sacculiths” is proposed. All dogs with anal sacculiths within this study population did not have any reported disease of the anal sacs.

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Malignant anal sac melanoma in dogs: eleven cases (2000 to 2015)

Cited by 14 publications

References 15 publications

Canine Melanomas as Models for Human Melanomas: Clinical, Histological, and Genetic Comparison

Canine Melanomas as Models for Human Melanomas: Clinical, Histological, and Genetic Comparison

Quantification of Canine Apocrine Gland Anal Sac Adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) Tumor Specimen Shrinkage after Formalin Fixation

Anal sacculiths may be an incidental finding in dogs

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