“…Evaluation for uroepithelial carcinoma must continue as renal failure is treated , since tumors may occur as long as two decades after the nephropathy begins (214). Painless gross hematuria or colic must be evaluated urologically and by urinary cytology to identify and treat resectable lesions (218) . Other complications such as cardiovascular disease , anemia, and osteodystrophy are especially frequent in these patients.…”