Maltreatment in Parent–Child Relationships of Chinese Families with Children Suffering from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Hong Kong: A Qualitative Study

Perceived social support, perception of competence, and hope among Chinese children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a Chinese context: Children's perspective

“…The parent-child relationship was positively correlated with a child's sense of competence. More importantly, the contradictory findings in these two studies (Ma et al, 2015;Ma, Lai, & Lo, 2017) have indicated an inadequacy of a lens of pathology in understanding children with ADHD and underscore the potential contribution of the strengths and resilience perspectives (Mastoras et al, 2018) that may account for the varied developmental outcomes of these children. The results of the latter study (Ma, Lai, & Lo, 2017) suggest a need for looking into mother-father differences in the study of PSS from a child's perspective and the plausible effect of a child's age on the linkage of predictors of the adjustment outcome, if any.…”

“…The results of the latter study (Ma, Lai, & Lo, 2017) suggest a need for looking into mother-father differences in the study of PSS from a child's perspective and the plausible effect of a child's age on the linkage of predictors of the adjustment outcome, if any. More importantly, the contradictory findings in these two studies (Ma et al, 2015;Ma, Lai, & Lo, 2017) have indicated an inadequacy of a lens of pathology in understanding children with ADHD and underscore the potential contribution of the strengths and resilience perspectives (Mastoras et al, 2018) that may account for the varied developmental outcomes of these children. The strengths and resilience perspectives remind us to identify the risk factors as well as the protective factors such as social support in these children's lives.…”

Treatment Efficacy of Multiple Family Therapy for Chinese Families of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

“…There is rising evidence suggesting that genetic heritability contributes to the disorder (Chronis, Jones, & Raggi, ). However, psychosocial factors such as hostility or scapegoating of a child, harsh parenting (Richards, ), and maltreatment in parent–child relationships (Ma, Lai, & Wan, ) are also linked to developing and maintaining the ADHD symptoms. If unidentified and improperly managed, the disorder may unfavorably affect a child's short‐term development (e.g., academic underachievement, self‐perception, parent–child relationships, and peer relationships) and long‐term development (e.g., increased school drop‐out, antisocial behavior, unstable intimate relationships, and unemployment) (Barkley, ).…”

Paternal and Maternal Experiences in Caring for Chinese Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Hong Kong

“…Ma and Lai's qualitative study Ma and Lai () revealed that Hong Kong Chinese parents of children with ADHD feel misunderstood and stigmatized by teachers, mental health professionals, and their spouses and relatives. However, lacking sufficient knowledge about the disorder, Chinese parents may misinterpret their children's hyperactive and impulsive behavior as acts of disobedience and disrespect, which may make them angry and may give rise to intense parent‐child conflict (Ma, Lai & Wan, ). They may feel upset by the disorder's disruption of their children's education (So, Leung & Hung, ).…”

“…In Iran, families of children with ADHD and with oppositional problems reported more difficulties in the PCR compared with a matched control group (Ghanizadeh & Shams, ). In Hong Kong, a qualitative study of 44 Chinese families of children with ADHD who had participated in multiple family groups revealed that conflicts in the PCR were not unusual; one‐quarter of familial conflicts had escalated into maltreatment (Ma et al., ). Limited by the size of the sample, however, the authors did not explore whether the father‐child and mother‐child relationships were similar or different.…”