Mammaglobin expression in tissue as a predictor of breast carcinoma aggressiveness

Abstract

Introduction: Human mammaglobin is considered to be one of the most significant markers of hematogenous dissemination of breast carcinoma. Our goal is to indicate the important role of peritumoral tissue as an active participant in the tumorrogenesis process and the concentration / expression of mamaglobins in the peritumoral tissue as a significant prognostic factor. Materials and methods: This research included 64 patients with primary breast carcinoma during five-year follow-up period. To determine the concentration of mamaglobin A in samples of carcinoma tissue and peritumoral tissue, ELISA essay was used, and for the determination of relative gene expression of Mammaglobin A, qRT-PCR was used. Results: The concentration of mamaglobin A increases in both the carcinoma tissue and peritumoral tissue with an increase in tumor size, number of affected lymph nodes, number of metastases, while relative expression of Mamaglobin A is statistically significantly higher in carcinoma tissue than in peritumoral tissue, regardless of tumor size, number of affected lymph nodes, number of metastases and tumor type. The concentration of mamaglobin A is higher in peritumor tissue than in tissue of ductal carcinoma, while in the case of lobular carcinoma the concentration of mamaglobin A is higher in carcinoma tissue than in peritumor tissue. Conclusion: Mammaglobin A concentration in peritumoral tissue higher than 0,6704221 ng/ml, and in carcinoma tissue higher than 0,5784426 ng/ml, as well as Mammaglobin A relative gene expression in carcinoma tissue higher than 1.003 were determined as cutoff values that may identify patients who are at higher risk of metastatic disease, which would be treated with early radical adjuvant treatment.

The Enigma of Mammaglobin: Redefining the Biomarker Paradigm in Breast Carcinoma

“…Its expression in other malignancies is largely minimal, heightening its appeal as a specific breast carcinoma biomarker [8]. There is a demonstrated correlation between high mammaglobin expression and adverse prognostic factors, implying a role in disease pathogenesis and progression [8,15]. However, the exact role and mechanisms of mammaglobin's overexpression in breast carcinoma are unclear, and its non-universal overexpression could limit its standalone biomarker utility.…”

“…This overexpression, likely modulated by intricate transcription mechanisms, has important implications [12]. Mammaglobin-A has been identified as an important predictor for bone metastases in breast cancer, and its expression pattern could aid in personalizing postoperative adjuvant treatment planning [15]. Interestingly, the mammaglobin protein complex in breast tumors appears to provoke an immune response, activating mammaglobin-reactive CD8 + and CD4 + T cells [50].…”

“…Peritumoral tissues, or tumor microenvironments, which are composed of various cell types and extracellular matrix components, play a vital role in cancer progression, influencing tumor growth, invasiveness, and metastatic potential [56]. The expression of mammaglobin in these tissues introduces an intriguing aspect to its potential as a biomarker [15]. Initial research has found mammaglobin to be present in these areas, suggesting a possible link to local invasion, metastasis, and aggressive disease phenotypes [15].…”

“…The expression of mammaglobin in these tissues introduces an intriguing aspect to its potential as a biomarker [15]. Initial research has found mammaglobin to be present in these areas, suggesting a possible link to local invasion, metastasis, and aggressive disease phenotypes [15].…”

“…Mammaglobin overexpression, particularly specific to breast cancer cells, lends its compelling potential as a unique biomarker for breast carcinoma [14]. Its detectability in peritumoral tissue and circulation suggests possible uses in a variety of clinical applications, including diagnosis, prognosis, and potential therapeutic targeting [9,15]. Yet, the mechanisms driving its overexpression and its role in tumorigenesis and cancer progression are subjects of ongoing research.…”