Mammalian MSC from selected species: Features and applications

Abstract

Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) are promising candidates for cellular therapy of different diseases in humans and in animals. Following the guidelines of the International Society for Cell Therapy, human MSC may be identified by expression of a specific panel of cell surface markers (CD105+, CD73+, CD90+, CD34-, CD14-, or CD11b-, CD79- or CD19-, HLA-DR-). In addition, multiple differentiation potential into at least the osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic lineage is a main criterion for MSC definition. Human MSC and MSC of a variety of mammals isolated from different tissues meet these criteria. In addition to the abovementioned, they express many more cell surface markers. Yet, these are not uniquely expressed by MSC. The gross phenotypic appearance like marker expression and differentiation potential is similar albeit not identical for MSC from different tissues and species. Similarly, MSC may feature different biological characteristics depending on the tissue source and the isolation and culture procedures. Their versatile biological qualities comprising immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and proregenerative capacities rely largely on the migratory and secretory capabilities of MSC. They are attracted to sites of tissue lesion and secrete factors to promote self-repair of the injured tissue. This is a big perspective for clinical MSC applications in both veterinary and human medicine. Phase I/II clinical trials have been initiated to assess safety and feasibility of MSC therapies in acute and chronic disease settings. Yet, since the mode of MSC action in a specific disease environment is still unknown at large, it is mandatory to unravel the response of MSC from a given source onto a specific disease environment in suitable animal models prior to clinical applications. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.

Usefulness of Mesenchymal Cell Lines for Bone and Cartilage Regeneration Research

“…In 2006, the International Society for Cell Therapy proposed a panel of cell surface markers to identify human MSC, including CD73, CD90, and CD105 [114]. However, none of these markers are specific for MSCs, and their expression does not imply a multidifferentiation ability [115], since the same expression pattern can be found in other cell types, such as fibroblasts [116]. Although the expression of these surface markers is usually investigated in primary MSCs before immortalization, none of the articles performed sorting selection; instead, the whole isolated population or uncharacterized clones were employed for transduction.…”

“…Although the expression of these surface markers is usually investigated in primary MSCs before immortalization, none of the articles performed sorting selection; instead, the whole isolated population or uncharacterized clones were employed for transduction. Nevertheless, the level of expression of these makers may change due to passaging and culture conditions [81,115], and their expression in primary cells does not guarantee that they will be expressed in immortalized cells, even if they are previously sorted.…”

Generation and characterization of a functional human adipose‐derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell line

“…Functional characterization assays are recommended to complement this basic characterization (Galipeau et al, ; Samsonraj et al, ). MSC mechanisms of action include potential engraftment within injured tissues and differentiation into the required cell types, as well as trophic and modulatory effects mediated by cell‐to‐cell contacts and paracrine mechanisms (Uder, Brückner, Winkler, Tautenhahn, & Christ, ). Furthermore, MSC are capable to adapt to their environment (Luk et al, ; Vallés et al, ), thus their effects are context‐specific and mechanisms of action need to be investigated in models suitable for the clinical condition to be treated.…”

Arachidonic acid hyperpolarizes mesenchymal stromal cells from the human adipose tissue by stimulating TREK1 K+ channels

“…Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) constitute a heterogeneous cell pool that includes immature cells, which replenish supportive and connective tissues owing to their capability of maintaining selfrenewal and multipotent differentiation [1][2][3]. Intensive studies have been performed to reveal the mechanism underlying the capability of MSCs to migrate to sites of injury and to differentiate into functional cells, resulting in the regeneration of damaged tissues.…”