Mammalian Oral Rhythms and Motor Control

Gerstner, Geoffrey E.; Madhavan, Shashi; Crane, Elizabeth A.

doi:10.5772/19501

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 66 publications

(86 reference statements)

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“…Using these inflection points, we extracted the duration of each cycle phase (in milliseconds; figure 1). The speed-based (fast and slow) designations in the original analysis of gape opening and closing cycle phases [12], coupled with subsequent ambiguity in the literature about the relative speed of the four different phases [46,47] motivated us to extract mean velocity for each phase for statistical comparisons. Phase duration and jaw velocity are theoretically at least partially independent and related to functionally distinct aspects of food processing [24].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rhythmic chew cycles with distinct fast and slow phases are ancestral to gnathostomes

Richard,

Spence,

Rull-Garza

et al. 2023

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Intra-oral food processing, including chewing, is important for safe swallowing and efficient nutrient assimilation across tetrapods. Gape cycles in tetrapod chewing consist of four phases (fast open and -close, and slow open and -close), with processing mainly occurring during slow close. Basal aquatic-feeding vertebrates also process food intraorally, but whether their chew cycles are partitioned into distinct phases, and how rhythmic their chewing is, remains unknown. Here, we show that chew cycles from sharks to salamanders are as rhythmic as those of mammals, and consist of at least three, and often four phases, with phase distinction occasionally lacking during jaw opening. In fishes and aquatic-feeding salamanders, fast open has the most variable duration, more closely resembling mammals than basal amniotes (lepidosaurs). Across ontogenetically or behaviourally mediated terrestrialization, salamanders show a distinct pattern of the second closing phase (near-contact) being faster than the first, with no clear pattern in partitioning of variability across phases. Our results suggest that distinct fast and slow chew cycle phases are ancestral for jawed vertebrates, followed by a complicated evolutionary history of cycle phase durations and jaw velocities across fishes, basal tetrapods and mammals. These results raise new questions about the mechanical and sensorimotor underpinnings of vertebrate food processing. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals’.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rhythmic chew cycles with distinct fast and slow phases are ancestral to gnathostomes

Richard,

Spence,

Rull-Garza

et al. 2023

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Central pattern generators in the brainstem and spinal cord: an overview of basic principles, similarities and differences

Steuer

Guertin

2018

Reviews in the Neurosciences

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Central pattern generators (CPGs) are generally defined as networks of neurons capable of enabling the production of central commands, specifically controlling stereotyped, rhythmic motor behaviors. Several CPGs localized in brainstem and spinal cord areas have been shown to underlie the expression of complex behaviors such as deglutition, mastication, respiration, defecation, micturition, ejaculation, and locomotion. Their pivotal roles have clearly been demonstrated although their organization and cellular properties remain incompletely characterized. In recent years, insightful findings about CPGs have been made mainly because (1) several complementary animal models were developed; (2) these models enabled a wide variety of techniques to be used and, hence, a plethora of characteristics to be discovered; and (3) organizations, functions, and cell properties across all models and species studied thus far were generally found to be well-preserved phylogenetically. This article aims at providing an overview for non-experts of the most important findings made on CPGs inin vivoanimal models,in vitropreparations from invertebrate and vertebrate species as well as in primates. Data about CPG functions, adaptation, organization, and cellular properties will be summarized with a special attention paid to the network for locomotion given its advanced level of characterization compared with some of the other CPGs. Similarities and differences between these networks will also be highlighted.

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Origini, forma e (dis)funzioni dell’apparato masticatorio in Homo sapiens

Papini

2023

Studi E Saggi

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The anatomical-functional structure with which human beings are equipped today has its roots in our evolutionary history: knowing the latter helps us understand why our body looks like this and functions in this way. Every living being, including Homo sapiens, is the result of a progressive stratification of forms that have adapted to environmental pressures which have shaped their morphology from deep time until today. Our masticatory apparatus (evolutionarily very recent) began to develop with the advent of mammals around 250 million years ago, structuring itself with a unique morphology and function, closely linked to the upright posture typical of the Homo genus and to globular encephalisation, a characterizing peculiarity Homo sapiens.

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Mammalian Oral Rhythms and Motor Control

Cited by 3 publications

References 66 publications

Rhythmic chew cycles with distinct fast and slow phases are ancestral to gnathostomes

Rhythmic chew cycles with distinct fast and slow phases are ancestral to gnathostomes

Central pattern generators in the brainstem and spinal cord: an overview of basic principles, similarities and differences

Origini, forma e (dis)funzioni dell’apparato masticatorio in Homo sapiens

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