Mammalian-specific decellularized matrices derived bioink for bioengineering of liver tissue analogues: A review

Abstract

The absolute shortage of compatible liver donors and the growing number of potential recipients have led scientists to explore alternative approaches to providing tissue/ organ substitutes from bioengineered sources. Bioartificial regeneration of a fully functional tissue/organ replacement is highly dependent on the right combination of engineering tools, biological principles, and materiobiology horizons. Over the past two decades, remarkable achievements have been made in hepatic tissue engineering by converging various advanced interdisciplinary research approaches. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has arisen as a promising state-of-the-art tool with strong potential to fabricate volumetric liver tissue/organ equivalents using viscosity- and degradation-controlled printable bioinks composed of hydrous microenvironments, and formulations containing living cells and associated supplements. Source of origin, biophysiochemical, or thermomechanical properties and crosslinking reaction kinetics are prerequisites for ideal bioink formulation and realizing the bioprinting process. In this review, we delve into the forecast of the potential future utility of bioprinting technology and the promise of tissue/organ-specific decellularized biomaterials as bioink substrates. Afterward, we outline various methods of decellularization, and the most relevant studies applying decellularized bioinks toward the bioengineering of in vitro liver models. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of decellularized material-based bioprinting in the direction of clinical regenerative medicine are presented to motivate further developments.

Bioengineered Organoids Offer New Possibilities for Liver Cancer Studies: A Review of Key Milestones and Challenges

“…The hydrous microenvironment and related properties of the extracellular matrix-mimicking culture system are essential for ensuring a constant and efficient permeation of nutrients and oxygen supply, which plays a vital role in supporting the functional integrity of the liver model [100,101]. Natural biomaterials, such as hydrogels, present several advantages, including their capacity to mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) and sustain a supportive microenvironment, offering mechanical and biochemical signals to cells [79,[102][103][104].…”

Decellularization Techniques for Tissue Engineering: Towards Replicating Native Extracellular Matrix Architecture in Liver Regeneration

“…In this procedure, a bioink is developed, which is essentially a compound of suitable biomaterial and decellularized liver matrices (Figure 6) [134,135]. These materials are reinforced into the decellularized liver ECM for enhanced support, mechanical stability, printing resolution, rheological properties, and bioink ejection [139][140][141].…”

“…mechanical stability, printing resolution, rheological properties, and bioink ejection [139][140][141]. Illustrates the bioprinting approach using decellularized liver ECM bioink to create 3D liver constructs [135].…”

Whole Liver Derived Acellular Extracellular Matrix for Bioengineering of Liver Constructs: An Updated Review

“…Nevertheless, preserving the native hepatic ECM structure is critical for inducing or controlling many cellular processes essential for tissue regeneration through inherent physical, chemical, and biological cues. Because ECM operates as a communication liaison between cells in the tissue/organ, it is significantly important to accurately reconstitute the multifactorial biophysicochemical properties of the native liver's extracellular matrix when creating implantable tissue engineered constructs [60][61][62][63][64][65]. Schematic representations of the ECM composition and its biochemical or mechanical properties are shown in Figure 1.…”