“…After decades of development, Pap smear for use in cervical cancer screening has achieved a significant clinical outcome -the IR of invasive cervical cancer is lower than that of precancer lesions. 1 The risk factors of breast cancer are multifactorial, including race, age, gene, hormone, diet and so on. Therefore, it is impractical to expect to reduce the IR of breast cancer from mammographic screening, or further enhance cervical cancer screening by Pap smear.…”