“…However, the methods applied have been criticized for their risk of triggering defences, which may inhibit learning and cause negative reactions (Conger, 1993). The personal growth approach has most often been applied in the development of higher level managers, and has been rarer in the training of line supervisors (Whittington et al, 2003) and in the public sector (McGurk, 2009). The traditional training in leaders' skills and abilities has expanded to newer approaches to develop leadership as a social process, understood as a complex interaction between individuals and their social and organizational environments (Day, 2000;Avolio et al, 2009).…”