Management of Anemia of Chronic Disease in Patients with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Brokering, Kristi L.; Qaqish, Roula B.

doi:10.1592/phco.23.14.1475.31949

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…A hemoglobin cutoff point of 10 g/dL was used to define anemia. This cutoff point was used because it is easy to remember, and is midway between that of McArthur et al (10.6 g/dL) and Brokering and Qaqish (9.5 g/dL) [17,21]. The CD4 count did not follow a normal distribution.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Yaoundé-Cameroon

Njamnshi¹,

Bissek²,

Ongolo‐Zogo³

et al. 2009

Journal of the Neurological Sciences

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Background The prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), especially HIV-associated dementia (HAD) is influenced by several risk factors. The prevalence as well as risk factors for HAD are not well known in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We have shown that the International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) is a useful screening tool for HAND in Yaoundé [Njamnshi AK, Djientcheu VdP, Fonsah JY, Yepnjio FN, Njamnshi DM, Muna WFT. The IHDS is a useful screening tool for HAD/Cognitive Impairment in HIV-infected adults in Yaoundé-Cameroon. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2008;49(4):393–397], but no study in Cameroon has yet investigated the risk factors for HAND or HAD. Patients and methods Across-sectional study was conducted in Yaoundé, the capital of Cameroon from September to December 2006. One hundred and eighty-five HIV-positive subjects were included. Diagnosis of HAND was done using the IHDS with a score ≤ 10 considered as abnormal. Age, sex, level of education, IV drug use, body mass index (BMI), CDC clinical stage, CD4 counts, hemoglobin levels, administration of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and type of regimen used, were considered in univariate analysis, with level of significance set at P≤0.05. A binary logistic regression was used to determine independent risk factors. Results The following factors were independent predictors of HAND: advanced clinical stage (OR=7.43, P=0.001), low CD4 count especially CD4≤200/μL (OR=4.88, P=0.045) and low hemoglobin concentration (OR=1.16, P=0.048). Conclusion This first study of the risk factors for HAND in Yaoundé-Cameroon shows findings similar to those described in other studies. These results call for rapid action by policy makers to include HAND prevention strategies such as providing early universal access to HAART based on these risk factors, in the management of HIV patients at risk of HAND in resource-limited settings of SSA like ours.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Yaoundé-Cameroon

Njamnshi¹,

Bissek²,

Ongolo‐Zogo³

et al. 2009

Journal of the Neurological Sciences

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“…An increased density of tissue macrophages in organs of HIV-infected persons has been described [6][7][8] and an association between HIV-related encephalopathy and cardiomyopathy has been suggested [51]. Interestingly, anemia is an important predictor of HIV-associated dementia [52][53][54][55]. Activated monocytes become depleted in bone marrow of patients with anemia, while they are enriched in brain tissue of patients with HIVdementia [3].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enrichment of activated monocytes in cerebrospinal fluid during antiretroviral therapy

Neuenburg

Furlan²,

Bacchetti³

et al. 2005

Aids

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“…Treatment of anemia contributes to enhancement in the quality of life of these patients. Presently available treatments may be classified either as conventional therapy or novel agents which are summarized in (Table 1) [12] .…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anemia of Chronic Disease

Alhboob

Khati²,

Malibari

et al. 2017

Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine

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Introduction: Anemia of chronic disease has a widespread impact on patients with chronic disorders such as chronic inflammation, infection, malignancy etc. The pathophysiology behind it is largely due to involvement of hepcidin levels which are high as a result of the underlying chronic disorder, but negatively affects iron metabolism and erythropoiesis. Aim of the work: We tried to understand the pathogenesis, impact, diagnosis, and management of anemia due to chronic diseases. Methodology: We conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBASE from January 2001 to March 2017. The following search terms were used: anemia of chronic disease, anemia of inflammation, types of anemia, management of chronic anemia Conclusion: Since absolute treatment for the underlying chronic conditions are not available, various other modalities aimed at treating the anemia are developing. They include conventional and novel therapies. More researches must be done in order to manage the condition by treating the underlying cause, or for finding therapies with least side effects. Keywords: anemia of chronic disease, anemia of inflammation, types of anemia, management of chronic anemia.

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Management of Anemia of Chronic Disease in Patients with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Cited by 7 publications

References 35 publications

Risk factors for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Yaoundé-Cameroon

Risk factors for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Yaoundé-Cameroon

Enrichment of activated monocytes in cerebrospinal fluid during antiretroviral therapy

Anemia of Chronic Disease

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