Management of Hypertension and Dyslipidemia for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract

Table 22.2 Pharmacological Agents Available as Generics for Controlling Hypertension and Reducing Cardiovascular Risk in Many Countries Class Common examples (alphabetic) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors Captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, perindopril, ramipril Angiotensin receptor blockers Candesartan, losartan, olmesartan, telmisartan, valsartan Calcium channel blockers Amlodipine, cilnidipine, lercanidipine, nifedipine Diuretics (thiazides and thiazide-like) Bendroflumethiazide, chlorthalidone, chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide Beta blockers Atenolol, bisoprolol, carvedilol, metoprolol, nebivolol, propranolol Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists Eplerenone, spironolactone Alpha blockers Doxazosin, prazosin Others Clonidine, hydralazine, methyldopa, minoxidil, reserpine Note: Preferred antihypertensive drugs in women of reproductive age with intention for conception and for pregnant and breastfeeding women are methyldopa, nifedipine, and hydralazine.

Hypertension: A Suffiecient Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Diseases

“…Changes in population-level of risk factors, specific blood pressure control (BP) and effective anti-hypertensive treatment as well as management of hypercholesterolemia were the major attributable aspects of this success. However; with the exception of some regions of Africa, high blood pressure has been rated among five leading risk factors contributing to worldwide morbidity and mortality 7 .…”

“…Globally, 9.4 million deaths per year are accounted for increased blood pressure and due to complications of hypertension alone 7,8 . An increased blood pressure is considered as the leading risk factor of mortality 7,9 , however; an estimated 18 million deaths annually are attributed to cardiovascular diseases worldwide 2,8 . Heart diseases, stroke, renal failure, premature death and disability owing to hypertension contributes to the prevailing burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and therefore pose as an issue of public health concern 8 .…”

A randomized, double‐blind clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a fixed‐dose combination of amlodipine/rosuvastatin in patients with dyslipidemia and hypertension

“…Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and one of the major public health issues affecting approximately 200 million individuals worldwide . The global cost of CVD is expected to increase to $1044 billion by 2030 . To reduce the global burden of CVD and improve public health, it is important to screen and manage the modifiable risk factors of CVD.…”

Acupuncture for hyperlipidemia

“…Dyslipidemia characterized by LDL-C or elevated TC is an important risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). [16] Lowering the LDL-C level can significantly reduce the risk of morbidity and mortality from ASCVD. [17] Acupuncture has been used in China for treating diseases for thousands of years.…”