“…Craniofacial trauma education ( Bouaoud et al, 2020 ), neurosurgical training ( Bernardo, 2017 ), spinal surgery ( Pfandler et al, 2017 ), anatomy education ( Uruthiralingam and Rea, 2020 ), orthopedic surgery ( Bartlett et al, 2018 ; Walbron et al, 2019 ; Yoo et al, 2019 ; Lohre et al, 2020 ) and patient education ( Dyer et al, 2018 ) have been demonstrated in this regard. Furthermore, clinical results hint towards uses of VR in surgical applications spanning heart diseases ( Ayerbe et al, 2020 ; Sadeghi et al, 2020 ; Hattab et al, 2021 ; Raimondi et al, 2021 ), breast cancer ( Tomikawa et al, 2010 ; Laas et al, 2021 ), liver surgery ( Reitinger et al, 2006 ; Quero et al, 2019 ; Golse et al, 2020 ; Lang and Huber, 2020 ; Boedecker et al, 2021 ), pediatric surgery ( Wang et al, 2012 ; Ruiz et al, 2021 ; Salvatore et al, 2021 ) and orthopaedic surgery ( Bartlett et al, 2018 ; Yoo et al, 2019 ; Verhey et al, 2020 ). Multiple new companies are now investigating the potential of VR for surgical planning such as ImmersiveTouch®, PrecisionOS or SurgicalTheater.…”