Management of Male Breast Cancer: The Journey so Far and Future Directions

Sabih, Quratulain; Young, Joseph C.; Takabe, Kazuaki

doi:10.14740/wjon1418

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 83 publications

(143 reference statements)

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“…Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and the one that causes the highest number of deaths in women worldwide [ 1 ]. In contrast, this type of cancer is rare in men [ 2 ], accounting for approximately 1% of all breast cancer diagnoses in the world [ 3 ]. The management of male breast cancer is based on studies conducted on women or female animal models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it has been suggested that these differences may be related to distinct biological processes in men and women influencing tumorigenesis, mainly hormonal variations related to androgens, estrogens, and progestins. Genomic differences in breast cancer cases have also been evidenced between men and women; for example, in ER- and PR-positive male breast cancers mutations that are common in ER- and PR-positive female breast cancer cases (e.g., PIK3CA and TP53) are less likely to be identified in men [ 3 , 8 ]. Molecular studies show that gene expression patterns and the susceptibility to develop breast cancer are sex-dependent in mice (BALB/c and C57BL/6) [ 9 ], supporting the idea that the biology of breast cancer may be different in men and women.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cancer Progression Is not Different in Mice of Different Gender Inoculated With Cells of the Triple-Negative 4T1 Breast Cancer Model

et al. 2022

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Background: Breast cancer in men is a rare and poorly studied disease, and its treatment is based on women breast cancer studies. However, clinical outcome is not the same in men and women. Basic studies and clinical trials in animal models provide detailed information on cancer, origin, development, cell signaling pathways, sites of metastasis, and target molecules. It is necessary to explore the biology of breast cancer in male animal models that allow observing their similarity. Methods:The triple-negative 4T1 breast cancer model was developed in both male and female mice and studied weekly during 4 weeks. For that, twenty 8-week-old female and male BALB/c mice were used. Sixteen mice (eight males and eight females) were inoculated into the second left thoracic mammary pad with 20,000 4T1 cells, resuspended in 20 µL phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). All samples were processed for immunodetection, characterized histopathologically and immunohistochemically. Results:In this work, we describe the development of a triple-negative 4T1 breast cancer model in male BALB/c mice. Breast tumors were characterized histopathologically at different time points and corresponded to a moderately differentiated invasive ductal carcinoma, estrogen receptor ER-/progesterone receptor PR-/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 HER2-/Ki67+, with histological grade II (moderately differentiated; a solid mass with occasional duct formation and moderate to severe nuclear pleomorphism), infiltrating the adipose and muscular tissue, and metastasis to lungs. From the results, we did not observe differences in the time of tumor development, necrosis, color change of tumor tissue, and lung metastasis between male and female mice. Even though we did not find histological differences, response to treatment and molecular signaling may be different. Conclusions:The histogenesis of male breast tumors was similar to that of female BALB/c mice. The histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of male tumors also match the features reported for stage IV human breast cancer of men and women. The murine male breast cancer model described here can be a significant tool to explore the molecular mechanisms involved in male breast cancer tumorigenesis and metastasis and may bring new approaches for clinical treatment of triple-negative breast cancer in men.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer Progression Is not Different in Mice of Different Gender Inoculated With Cells of the Triple-Negative 4T1 Breast Cancer Model

et al. 2022

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“…For instance, epidemiology was reviewed in pancreatic cancer by Rawala et al [ 1 ], in prostate cancer by Cassell et al [ 2 ] and Rawala [ 3 ], in renal cell carcinoma by Padala et al [ 4 ], and in malignant melanoma by Naik [ 5 ]. Review articles also provide an opportunity to learn about the latest updates and summaries on relatively rare conditions such as male breast cancer [ 6 ], urothelial carcinoma [ 7 ], mucoepidermoid carcinoma [ 8 ], retroperitoneal liposarcoma [ 9 ], and even on hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, a relatively rare side effect of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy [ 10 ]. There were several review articles on topics that apply to all types of cancer, such as infections in hospitalized cancer patients [ 11 ], genetic polymorphisms [ 12 ], tumor dormancy [ 13 ], and unstable psychiatric disorder [ 14 ].…”

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confidence: 99%

Types of Cancer and Research Covered in World Journal of Oncology

Takabe

Benesch

2022

World J Oncol

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Trends and efficacy of omitting axillary lymph node dissection in early‐stage male breast cancer with limited nodal involvement: A population‐based cohort study

Yang,

Ruan,

Wang

et al. 2024

Cancer Medicine

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BackgroundThe effectiveness of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) versus axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in managing early‐stage male breast cancer (MBC) patients with T1‐2 tumors and limited lymph node metastasis, all receiving radiotherapy, remains uncertain. This study examines trends and survival outcomes for SLNB and ALND in the United States.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data from 2010 to 2020 for MBC patients with T1‐2 tumors and 1–2 positive lymph nodes undergoing radiotherapy. Patients were classified by nodes removed (SLNB ≤5, ALND ≥10), comparing overall survival (OS) and breast cancer‐specific survival (BCSS) between the groups before and after propensity score matching.ResultsOf 299 MBC patients analyzed, SLNB usage increased from 18.8% in 2010 to 61.0% in 2020. Multivariable logistic regression highlighted significant associations of SLNB use with diagnosis year, race, surgery type, positive lymph node count, and metastasis size. No significant differences in 5‐year OS (77.98% SLNB vs. 85.85% ALND, p = 0.337) or BCSS (91.54% SLNB vs. 94.97% ALND, p = 0.214) were observed. Propensity score matching (96 patients per group) confirmed similar 5‐year OS (83.9% for SLNB vs. 82.0% for ALND, p = 0.925) and BCSS (90.1% for SLNB vs. 96.9% for ALND, p = 0.167).ConclusionSLNB and ALND provide comparable survival outcomes in early‐stage MBC patients with limited lymph node metastasis undergoing radiotherapy. The increased utilization of SLNB supports its consideration to reduce surgical morbidity in selected MBC patients despite limited direct evidence.

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Management of Male Breast Cancer: The Journey so Far and Future Directions

Cited by 9 publications

References 83 publications

Cancer Progression Is not Different in Mice of Different Gender Inoculated With Cells of the Triple-Negative 4T1 Breast Cancer Model

Cancer Progression Is not Different in Mice of Different Gender Inoculated With Cells of the Triple-Negative 4T1 Breast Cancer Model

Types of Cancer and Research Covered in World Journal of Oncology

Trends and efficacy of omitting axillary lymph node dissection in early‐stage male breast cancer with limited nodal involvement: A population‐based cohort study

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