Management of Marcellus Shale Produced Water in Pennsylvania: A Review of Current Strategies and Perspectives

He, Can; Zhang, Tieyuan; Zheng, Xuan; Li, Yang; Vidić, Radisav D.

doi:10.1002/ente.201402060

Cited by 27 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Characteristics of these impaired waters sampled from the storage tanks are summarized in Table 5.1. The flowback water used in this study contains much higher concentrations of divalent cations compared with the flowback water from southeast PA reported previously (He et al, 2014a;He et al, 2014c;Kondash et al, 2013) and is in agreement with the water quality model developed by .…”

Section: Characteristics Of Flowback Water and Amdsupporting

confidence: 90%

Sustainable Management of Flowback Water during Hydraulic Fracturing of Marcellus Shale for Natural Gas Production

Vidić

2015

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This study evaluated the feasibility of using abandoned mine drainage (AMD) as makeup water for the reuse of produced water for hydraulic fracturing. There is an abundance of AMD sources near permitted gas wells as documented in this study that can not only serve as makeup water and reduce the demand on high quality water resources but can also as a source of chemicals to treat produced water prior to reuse. The assessment of AMD availability for this purpose based on proximity and relevant regulations was accompanied by bench-and pilot-scale studies to determine optimal treatment to achieve desired water quality for use in hydraulic fracturing. Sulfate ions that are often present in AMD at elevated levels will react with Ba 2+ and Sr 2+ in produced water to form insoluble sulfate compounds. Both membrane microfiltration and gravity separation were evaluated for the removal of solids formed as a result of mixing these two impaired waters. Laboratory studies revealed that neither AMD nor barite formed in solution had significant impact on membrane filtration but that some produced waters contained submicron particles that can cause severe fouling of microfiltration membrane. Coagulation/flocculation was found to be an effective process for the removal of suspended solids and both bench-and pilot-scale studies revealed that optimal process conditions can consistently achieve the turbidity of the finished water below 5 NTU. Adjusting the blending ratio of AMD and produced water can achieve the desired effluent sulfate concentration that can be accurately predicted by chemical thermodynamics. Co-treatment of produced water and AMD will result in elevated levels of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in the solid waste generated in this process due to radium co-precipitation with barium sulfate. Laboratory studies revealed that the mobility of barite that may form in the subsurface due to the presence of sulfate in the fracturing fluid can be controlled by the addition of appropriate antiscalants.

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Section: Characteristics Of Flowback Water and Amdsupporting

confidence: 90%

Sustainable Management of Flowback Water during Hydraulic Fracturing of Marcellus Shale for Natural Gas Production

Vidić

2015

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“…30,37,60 Proponents argue that it is a plausible option and point to a recent Pennsylvania study, which concluded "a negligible risk to the environment." 61 Due to the accumulation of radioactivity on equipment, future studies should explore radium bioaccumulation in the environment and its impacts on workers. Advanced treatment technologies may prevent discharge of radium species from contaminated equipment and other sources.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…59 The disposal of TENORM waste in nonhazardous landfills could result in radiological risks to workers and the public. 30,37,60 Proponents argue that it is a plausible option and point to a recent Pennsylvania study, which concluded “a negligible risk to the environment.” 61…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variance in State Protection from Exposure to NORM and TENORM Wastes Generated During Unconventional Oil and Gas Operations: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go

Geltman

LeClair

2018

New Solut

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Radioactive materials for the medical, technological, and industrial sectors have been effectively regulated in the United States since as early as 1962. The steady increase in the exploration and production of shale gas in recent years has led to concerns about exposures to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) and Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM) in oil and gas waste streams. This study applied policy surveillance methods to conduct a cross-sectional fifty-state survey of law and regulations of NORM and TENORM waste from oil and gas operations. Results indicated that seventeen states drafted express regulations to reduce exposure to oil and gas NORM and TENORM waste. States with active oil and gas drilling that lack regulations controlling exposure to NORM and TENORM may leave the public and workers susceptible to adverse health effects from radiation. The study concludes with recommendations in regard to regulating oil and gas NORM and TENORM waste.

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“…Along with the recovery of treated water from AMD discharge, the membrane concentrate (reject) produced by nanofiltration membranes can also be utilized for the recovery of flowback and produced water generated by the extraction of natural gas from unconventional (shale) reservoirs using hydraulic fracturing. , Recent pilot-scale study showed that mixing AMD with flowback water results in effective removal of barium and strontium while the sulfate concentration in the effluent can be controlled below 100 mg/L by adjusting the mixing ratio of these waste streams. Also, it was shown that >99% of radium in the flowback water can be efficiently removed in the form of Barite sludge by mixing the sulfate containing AMD with flowback water …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory and Pilot-Scale Nanofiltration Treatment of Abandoned Mine Drainage for the Recovery of Products Suitable for Industrial Reuse

Wadekar

Hayes

Lokare

et al. 2017

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Because of the problems with sludge formation and inability to meet water reuse standards with traditional limestone neutralization, nanofiltration (NF) has been evaluated for treatment of abandoned mine drainage (AMD). This study contributes to the process of selecting NF membranes based on laboratory-scale studies that is validated in pilot-scale system with real AMD under relevant process conditions to recover: (1) treated water stream (NF permeate) that can serve as a substitute for fresh water in industrial applications and (2) concentrated sulfate stream (NF reject) that is well-suited to control divalent cations in the produced water from unconventional gas extraction by sulfate precipitation and enable its reuse for hydraulic fracturing of subsequent wells. Eight commercially available NF membranes were tested with synthetic and real AMD in laboratory-scale dead-end and crossflow membrane filtration modules. NF90 membrane was selected for pilot-scale study that consisted of aeration and sedimentation for iron control, bag filtration and ultrafiltration for particulate control and NF. The system was operated for 208 h using real AMD at 10 bar and 3.5 GPM feed flow rate and consistently achieved more than 98% removal of TDS at 57% water recovery with a nominal pressure drop of 1.7 bar. Pressure drop monitoring and water permeability tests post pilot-scale study along with chemical equilibrium calculations indicated that no fouling/scaling of the membranes occurred.

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Management of Marcellus Shale Produced Water in Pennsylvania: A Review of Current Strategies and Perspectives

Cited by 27 publications

References 22 publications

Sustainable Management of Flowback Water during Hydraulic Fracturing of Marcellus Shale for Natural Gas Production

Sustainable Management of Flowback Water during Hydraulic Fracturing of Marcellus Shale for Natural Gas Production

Variance in State Protection from Exposure to NORM and TENORM Wastes Generated During Unconventional Oil and Gas Operations: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go

Laboratory and Pilot-Scale Nanofiltration Treatment of Abandoned Mine Drainage for the Recovery of Products Suitable for Industrial Reuse

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