Management of perimenopausal and menopausal symptoms

Abstract

Most women worldwide experience menopausal symptoms during the menopause transition or postmenopause. Vasomotor symptoms are most pronounced during the first four to seven years but can persist for more than a decade, and genitourinary symptoms tend to be progressive. Although the hallmark symptoms are hot flashes, night sweats, disrupted sleep, and genitourinary discomfort, other common symptoms and conditions are mood fluctuations, cognitive changes, low sexual desire, bone loss, increase in abdominal fat, and adverse changes in metabolic health. These symptoms and signs can occur in any combination or sequence, and the link to menopause may even be elusive. Estrogen based hormonal therapies are the most effective treatments for many of the symptoms and, in the absence of contraindications to treatment, have a generally favorable benefit:risk ratio for women below age 60 and within 10 years of the onset of menopause. Non-hormonal treatment options are also available. Although a symptom driven treatment approach with individualized decision making can improve health and quality of life for midlife women, menopausal symptoms remain substantially undertreated by healthcare providers.

Edukasi dan Senam Menjaga Kebugaran dan Mengurangi Gangguan Premenopause Pada Lansia Perempuan

“…Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi gangguan premenopause yaitu tingkat aktivitas fisik, status premenopause perempuan, riwayat kesehatan sebelumnya dan paritas. (Duralde et al, 2023). Penelitian Wu et al, (2023) menunjukan tingkat keparahan gangguan premenopause meningkat pada kelompok yang melakukan aktivitas fisik berat.…”

General practitioners’ and women’s experiences of perimenopause consultations: A qualitative evidence synthesis protocol

“…However, this is not always the case, and many women experience symptoms that affect their quality of life. The 2023 state-of-the-art review by Duralde et al 11 estimates that 60-86% of perimenopausal and menopausal women seek medical attention for their symptoms. Some of the most reported symptoms include but are not limited to altered mood, and sleep disturbances 12 .…”

Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Estradiol Valerate Tablet and Its Generic: A Phase 1 Bioequivalence Study in Healthy Chinese Postmenopausal Female Subjects

“…Insufficient estradiol levels can lead to menstrual irregularities, infertility, 1 and various symptoms during perimenopause including hot flashes, vulvovaginal atrophy, dyspareunia, urinary incontinence, and sleep disorders. 2 Hormone therapy (HT) is commonly used to alleviate these symptoms and to prevent related diseases. 3 Estradiol valerate, an oral long-acting estrogen supplement, is important for HT.…”