Management of Urolithiasis

Preputial urolith deposition and urate urolith obstruction in a calf

“…Advanced medical imaging tools, such as ultrasonography and contrast radiography, can assist with diagnosing urethral damage, cystoliths, ureteroliths or nephroliths 1,28 . As a limitation, ultrasonographic examination and contrast radiography were not performed in the present case report.…”

“…As a limitation, ultrasonographic examination and contrast radiography were not performed in the present case report. The ultrasonographical examination was not preferred because ureteroliths and nephroliths are often challenging to diagnose antemortem 1 . A limitation of our case report is the absence of ultrasonographic examination, as the animal owners declined.…”

“…The ultrasonographical examination was not preferred because ureteroliths and nephroliths are often challenging to diagnose antemortem. 1 A limitation of our case report is the absence of ultrasonographic examination, as the animal owners declined. This examination could have aided in the diagnosis of nephroliths and provided information on the size and quality of the urinary bladder and its wall structure.…”

“…Bovine practitioners and producers continue to face challenges in the treatment and prevention of urolithiasis. 1 Urolithiasis is caused by a combination of factors that include nutrition, age, gender, breed, genetics, season, soil, water, hormone levels, mineral content and infection. 2 Uroliths, also known as urinary calculi, are concretions of solid organic and mineral substances that damage the urinary system directly and obstruct urine flow, resulting in disease.…”

“…Urolithiasis has a substantial economic impact on the cattle industry. Bovine practitioners and producers continue to face challenges in the treatment and prevention of urolithiasis 1 . Urolithiasis is caused by a combination of factors that include nutrition, age, gender, breed, genetics, season, soil, water, hormone levels, mineral content and infection 2 .…”