“…The rice value chain, comprising the pre-and postharvest segments, has unit operations aiming at producing premium quality milled rice that is safe for both, human and animal consumption. In each of these segments, the physicochemical, nutritional, and economic value of the milled rice can be reduced by microbial invasions especially in the humid tropics (Gummert, Balingbing, Barry, & Estevez, 2009). Farmer's practices and environmental conditions that enhance insect propagation, microbial proliferation, and mycotoxin production during these production and processing stages include the following: the use of disease-infected seeds, the nonelimination of disease-infected plants during production, poor harvesting, threshing, drying, parboiling, and milling methods favoring grain damage and/or their contamination (Amponsah, Addo, Dzisi, Moreira, & Ndindeng, 2017;Mapiemfu et al, 2017;Ndindeng et al, 2015) and storage of grains in systems that favor the re-absorption of moisture or expose them to high oxygen levels (Fleurat-Lessard, 2017;Magan, Hope, Cairns, & Aldred, 2003), which promote microbial proliferation.…”