“…In this vein, leadership practice in nursing management is undergoing many changes; therefore, there is an emerging need to develop new management competencies (Heinen et al., 2019; Hoffmann et al., 2020; Kantanen et al., 2017) and, at the same time, to explore more deeply the value of nursing leadership in terms of management skills and human competence. Nurse managers (head nurses and nurse directors) are expected to have both leadership and management competencies, as well as specific skills in human resources (Foster, 2020), organisational strategies, economic and administrative skills to fulfil their responsibilities (Moghaddam et al., 2019). In particular, research evidence has highlighted that the managerial competence of first‐line nurse managers is multifactorial and includes three factors contributing to their development: organisational factors, personality traits and individual characteristics of individual managers, and role factors (Gunawan et al., 2018).…”