“…In the training literature, Kirkpatrick (1967) model of evaluation criteria proposes that the evaluation of training should be performed at four levels: Reactions, learning, behaviour, and results. Kirkpatrick's model is widely applied in research and practice (e.g., Alliger, Tannenbaum, Bennett, Traver, & Shotland, 1997;Arthur, Bennett, Edens, & Bell, 2003;Powell & Yalcin, 2010;Tharenou, Saks, & Moore, 2007) and represents a logical organization and progression of outcomes from basic individual reactions to training through to training transfer and organizational results. Kraiger, Ford, and Salas (1993) argued that when evaluating training, it was necessary to examine learning-based outcomes in a more sophisticated way, rather than combining learning and transfer outcomes as in the Kirkpatrick levels.…”