The management of inflammatory rheumatic diseases during pregnancy and breastfeeding has undergone considerable change in the past few years. Modern therapeutics, including biologic and targeted synthetic DMARDs, have enabled substantial improvements in control of rheumatic diseases, resulting in more patients with severe disease considering pregnancy. Therefore, management of disease for these patients needs to be discussed with clinicians before, during and after pregnancy and patients need to know what complications they might experience before they become pregnant. This Review will summarize the effects pregnancy has on various rheumatic diseases and the effects these diseases have on pregnancy, as well as provide advice regarding the alteration and monitoring of therapy before, during and after pregnancy. Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.