Managing Conflicting Economic and Environmental Metrics in Livestock Manure Management

Abstract

Dairy farming is a multibillion USD industry that provides essential food products. At the same time, the millions of animals that this industry oversees generate a massive environmental footprint (affecting air, land, and water quality). Specifically, livestock manure is a carbon- and nutrient-rich waste stream that is routinely used as fertilizer. This practice enables nutrient recycling but also leads to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and to nutrient pollution of soils and waterbodies. Mitigating these environmental impacts requires investment in manure processing technologies and identifying and prioritizing investment strategies requires understanding inherent conflicts (trade-offs) and synergies that exist between economic and environmental impacts. In this work, we present a conflict analysis and resolution framework that integrates techno-economic analysis (TEA), life cycle assessment (LCA), and supply chain (SC) optimization. We use this framework to investigate deployment scenarios of manure processing pathways in the Upper Yahara watershed region of Wisconsin. We evaluate LCA (GHG emissions, ammonia emissions, fossil energy use, and nutrient pollution) and TEA metrics (cost and revenue) for different pathways that include manure collection, storage, application, and processing steps. The LCA and TEA metrics are embedded within a SC optimization model that makes decisions on technology selection and geographical placement and on product transport in the study area. A conflict resolution procedure is used to explore trade-offs associated with these decisions and to identify optimal compromise solutions that best balance trade-offs. Our results reveal that there are nonobvious conflicts and synergies between the explored metrics that can be exploited to mitigate multiple impacts simultaneously. We also find that the deployment of a diverse set of technologies is needed to fully resolve conflicts. The impact of emerging technologies (ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis) and government incentives is also discussed.

Impacts of Incentive and Disincentive Mechanisms for Ensuring Environmentally Friendly Livestock Waste Management

“…The prevention of pollution spillovers requires the strict implementation of governmental environmental legislation that requires livestock breeding firms to reduce pollution and ensure effective means of waste management. Interestingly, with respect to disincentive mechanisms, previous studies have assessed variables such as whether relevant governmental bodies have monitored the farmers’ activities [ 56 , 57 ], whether monetary penalties encourage farmer behavioral change [ 58 ], whether the area has any corresponding regional penalties for not properly managing waste [ 59 ], and whether policies of cracking down on trading and restricting market access exert any significant influence on proper livestock waste management [ 32 , 60 ].…”