Managing marine disease emergencies in an era of rapid change

Groner, Maya L.; Maynard, Jeffrey; Breyta, Rachel; Carnegie, Ryan B.; Dobson, Andrew; Friedman, Carolyn S.; Froelich, Brett; Garren, Melissa; Gulland, Frances M. D.; Heron, Scott F.; Noble, Rachel T.; Revie, Crawford W.; Shields, Jeffrey D.; Vanderstichel, Raphaël; Weil, Ernesto; Wyllie‐Echeverria, Sandy; Harvell, C. Drew

doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0364

Cited by 124 publications

(114 citation statements)

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“…Genomic and phylogenomic analyses of parasites are needed to develop diagnostic tools for epidemiological studies [182], determine possible transmission routes and identify virulence factors. Also needed are in-depth studies on genetic variations in both parasite and host that determine the outcome of disease and permit better predictions on emerging epizootics [183].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectious diseases of marine molluscs and host responses as revealed by genomic tools

Guo¹,

Ford²

2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

124

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More and more infectious diseases affect marine molluscs. Some diseases have impacted commercial species including MSX and Dermo of the eastern oyster, QPX of hard clams, withering syndrome of abalone and ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) infections of many molluscs. Although the exact transmission mechanisms are not well understood, human activities and associated environmental changes often correlate with increased disease prevalence. For instance, hatcheries and large-scale aquaculture create high host densities, which, along with increasing ocean temperature, might have contributed to OsHV-1 epizootics in scallops and oysters. A key to understanding linkages between the environment and disease is to understand how the environment affects the host immune system. Although we might be tempted to downplay the role of immunity in invertebrates, recent advances in genomics have provided insights into host and parasite genomes and revealed surprisingly sophisticated innate immune systems in molluscs. All major innate immune pathways are found in molluscs with many immune receptors, regulators and effectors expanded. The expanded gene families provide great diversity and complexity in innate immune response, which may be key to mollusc's defence against diverse pathogens in the absence of adaptive immunity. Further advances in host and parasite genomics should improve our understanding of genetic variation in parasite virulence and host disease resistance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectious diseases of marine molluscs and host responses as revealed by genomic tools

Guo¹,

Ford²

2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

124

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“…Importantly, these resources would support the development of networks formed to address disease outbreaks (Groner et al 2016). Importantly, these resources would support the development of networks formed to address disease outbreaks (Groner et al 2016).…”

Section: Collecting Parasite Data: the Way Forwardmentioning

confidence: 99%

To improve ecological understanding, collect infection data

et al. 2019

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Ecologists seek to understand and predict how organisms respond to multiple interacting biotic and abiotic influences, an increasingly difficult task under anthropogenic change. Parasites are one of these biotic influences that are pervasive in natural systems and frequently interact with other stressors. Because they often have cryptic effects on their host organisms, their role in the distribution, abundance, composition, and dynamics of populations, communities, and ecosystems is easy to overlook. However, studies that neglect the role of parasitism may miss or misinterpret organismal responses to environmental change, hampering ecological predictions. We discuss case studies wherein the inclusion of parasite infection status altered the interpretation of ecological outcomes, and offer paths forward to make parasite data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation more accessible to ecologists. Given that parasites are responsive to environmental changes, timely attention to their influence on host responses is critical for accurately predicting future ecological states.

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Section: Markowitz Et Al: Assay For Proctoeces Maculatus In Mytilus mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sunila et al (2004) reported that the high fall prevalence of P. maculatus (60%) off the Connecticut coast of Long Island Sound would limit potential for mussel culture to the seasons with low disease prevalence. The range expansion of P. maculatus may lead to limits on aquaculture farther north and the species should be monitored as proposed for other parasites and pathogens (Groner et al 2016.Consistent mussel sampling is recommended to monitor the potential range expansion and to institute any management practices that might help pre-133 Dis Aquat Org 122: [125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136] 2016 vent the spread of P. maculatus (Machkevsky & Gaevskaja 2008). The PCR-based methods will be useful as alternative or additional method for parasite detection as they allow for higher sensitivity in testing.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of quantitative PCR assay for detection of the trematode parasite Proctoeces maculatus in the blue mussel Mytilus edulis

Markowitz

Williams²,

Krause³

2016

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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The digenean trematode Proctoeces maculatus is an important parasite of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. The parasite reduces mussel quality and yield, negatively impacting mussel aquaculture efforts. Typically, the trematode is detected by visual observation. To provide a better diagnostic tool able to detect this parasite at any life stage and at low intensities, we designed a species-specific molecular assay to detect P. maculatus in M. edulis tissue. Primers targeting the 18S nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) from P. maculatus were used to develop an endpoint polymerase chain reaction assay and a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. Analytical specificity of the assays was demonstrated using DNA from 4 other digenean trematodes. The qPCR assay was linear from 6.79 × 10 2 to 6.79 × 10 7 copies of the cloned target DNA and had a conservative detection limit of 68 copies. The qPCR assay detected single cercariae, and the number of isolated cercariae was linearly correlated with the threshold cycle (C T ). Diagnostic sensitivity of the PCR-based methods was 100%. The assays also detected the parasite in 6 additional samples from the 57 tested through microscopy. We used the assays to verify the presence of encapsulated sporocysts in the mantle and to document infected mussels from Dover, New Hampshire, extending the previously described northern range of the species. Thus, this work has important implications for detection of the parasite in aquaculture and in monitoring its potential spread with climate change.KEY WORDS: Digenean · Aquaculture · Bivalve · Marine · Northwest Atlantic Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 122: [125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136] 2016 and visible abscesses (Sunila et al. 2004). The parasites deplete glycogen and triglyceride levels in the mantle and hepatopancreas of infected mussels (Dennis et al. 1974, Machkevsky & Shchepkina 1985 and cause major organ damage as they spread throughout the mussel (Machkevsky & Gaevskaja 2008). Intense infections cause mussels to gape and detach from the substrate (Machkevsky & Gaevskaja 2008). Thus, infected mussels may be unable to handle the stress of harvesting and processing involved in aquaculture (Cole 1935, Canzonier 1972. Infection slows mussel growth (Machkevsky 1988) and at the highest intensity levels, ultimately leads to mortality (Machkevsky 1982, Machkevsky & Gaevskaja 2008. P. maculatus was implicated in mass mortalities of Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 in Laguna Vaneta, Italy (Munford et al. 1981), and in the Black Sea (Machkevsky & Parukhin 1981), where the disease is referred to as 'proctecosis' (Machkevsky & Gaevs kaja 2008).P. maculatus has been found along the Gulf Coast (Wardle 1980) and east coast of the USA as far north as Woods Hole, MA. After numerous attempts by previous resear chers to find P. maculatus at sites north of Woods Hole were unsuccessful (Uzmann 1953, Pondick 1983, it was concluded that Woods Hol...

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Managing marine disease emergencies in an era of rapid change

Cited by 124 publications

References 53 publications

Infectious diseases of marine molluscs and host responses as revealed by genomic tools

Infectious diseases of marine molluscs and host responses as revealed by genomic tools

To improve ecological understanding, collect infection data

Development of quantitative PCR assay for detection of the trematode parasite Proctoeces maculatus in the blue mussel Mytilus edulis

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