Managing resistance evolution to transgenic<i>Bt</i>maize in corn borers in Spain

Álvarez‐Alfageme, Fernando; Devos, Yann; Camargo, Ana M; Arpaia, Salvatore; Messéan, Antoine

doi:10.1080/07388551.2021.1931018

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…These IRM programs include resistance monitoring to assess whether susceptibility of target pests to Cry1Ab maize may decline over time. Whereas a previous review focused on IRM for Bt maize in Spain, including data produced in our laboratory through 2019 and published without our consent (Álvarez-Alfageme et al 2022), the present review updates this topic for the EU by including bioassay data from our laboratory through 2021 and addresses challenges and future prospects.…”

Section: Current Status Of Bt Maize Cultivation In the Eumentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring Insect Resistance to Bt Maize in the European Union: Update, Challenges, and Future Prospects

García

García-Benítez

Ortego

et al. 2023

Journal of Economic Entomology

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Transgenic maize producing the Cry1Ab toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt maize) was approved for cultivation in the European Union (EU) in 1998 to control the corn borers Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefèbvre) and Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner). In the EU since then, Cry1Ab is the only Bt toxin produced by Bt maize and Spain is the only country where Bt maize has been planted every year. In 2021, about 100,000 hectares of Bt maize producing Cry1Ab were cultivated in the EU, with Spain accounting for 96% and Portugal 4% of this area. In both countries, Bt maize represented less than 25% of all maize planted in 2021, with a maximum regional adoption of 64% Bt maize in northeastern Spain. Insect resistance management based on the high-dose/refuge strategy has been implemented in the EU since 1998. This has been accompanied by monitoring to enable early detection of resistance. The monitoring data from laboratory bioassays show no decrease in susceptibility to Cry1Ab had occurred in either pest as of 2021. Also, control failures have not been reported, confirming that Bt maize producing Cry1Ab remains effective against both pests. Conditions in the EU preventing approval of new genetically modified crops, including maize producing two or more Bt toxins targeting corn borers, may limit the future effectiveness of resistance management strategies.

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Section: Current Status Of Bt Maize Cultivation In the Eumentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring Insect Resistance to Bt Maize in the European Union: Update, Challenges, and Future Prospects

García

García-Benítez

Ortego

et al. 2023

Journal of Economic Entomology

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“…As the field-resistant populations reduce their susceptibility to the Bt proteins produced by Bt crops, it is necessary to alter the current pest management practices. In order to make up for the loss of efficacy of Bt traits, farmers may increase their use of chemical insecticides that are more harmful to the environment and non-target organisms and ultimately alter cultivation systems, which may increase farm economic costs and break the sustainability of the farming system [ 11 ]. Therefore, developing and implementing science-based insect resistance management strategies is necessary to manage the resistance of target insect pests to Bt crops and preserve the long-term effectiveness of Bt crops.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With this information, the potential changes in population susceptibility to specific Bt toxins can be identified [ 13 ]. Data generated through resistance monitoring also allows registrants, agribusinesses, risk assessors, and regulators to assess whether the current resistance management tactics manage Bt resistance in the target insect pest populations adequately and efficiently [ 11 ]. Moreover, the refuge requirement is the critical factor contributing to the success of the refuge-high dose strategy, and resistance monitoring activities are also tailored to collect information on the presentation of refuges in non-Bt host plants, Bt crop cultivation levels, and applied pest management practices [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seven Years of Monitoring Susceptibility to Cry1Ab and Cry1F in Asian Corn Borer

Wang

Zhao

Han

et al. 2023

Toxins

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Resistance monitoring in the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, is necessary to accommodate the commercial introduction and stewardship of Bt maize in China. The susceptibility of 56 O. furnacalis field populations, collected between 2015 and 2021 from the corn belt regions of China, to Cry1Ab and Cry1F toxins was determined. Neonate larvae (within 12 h after hatching) were placed on the surface of semi-artificial agar-free diet incorporating a series of concentrations of purified toxins, and mortality was evaluated after 7d. The median lethal concentration (LC50) values of Cry1Ab and Cry1F were 0.05 to 0.37 µg/g (protein/diet) and 0.10 to 1.22 µg/g, respectively. Although interpopulation variation in susceptibility to the toxins was observed, the magnitude of the differences was 5.8-fold and 8.3-fold for Cry1Ab and Cry1F, respectively. These results suggested that the observed susceptibility differences reflect natural geographical variation in response and not variation caused by prior exposure to selection pressures. Therefore, the O. furnacalis populations were apparently still susceptible to Cry1Ab and Cry1F across their range within China. The monitoring data established here will serve as a comparative reference for early warning signs of field-evolved resistance after the cultivation of Bt maize in China.

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“…Genetically modified (GM) maize event MON810 is currently the only GM crop approved for cultivation in the EU. In recent years, maize MON810 has been grown mainly in ES and to a lesser extent in Portugal (PT) (Camargo et al, 2018 ; EFSA, 2021 ; Álvarez‐Alfageme et al, 2022 ). In 2019, maize MON810 represented approximately 35% of ES’s total maize area and less than 10% in PT (Álvarez‐Alfageme et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update of environmental risk assessment conclusions and risk management recommendations of EFSA (2016) on EU teosinte

Devos¹,

Aiassa²,

Muñoz‐Guajardo³

et al. 2022

EFS2

Self Cite

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Teosinte, wild maize relatives originating from Mexico and Central America, emerged as a noxious agricultural weed in France and Spain. In 2016, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) issued a technical report that assessed the available scientific information on teosinte for its relevance for the environmental risk assessment (ERA) and risk management (RM) of genetically modified (GM) maize MON810, Bt11, 1507 and GA21 for cultivation. It was concluded that the impact of insect resistance and/or herbicide tolerance in GM teosinte hybrid progeny (potentially acquired through hybridisation between GM maize and teosinte) on target and non‐target organisms, the abiotic environment and biogeochemical cycles would be very low under EU conditions. Following a request of the European Commission, EFSA evaluated whether the ERA conclusions and RM recommendations of EFSA (2016) remain applicable, or require revision in light of new scientific evidence on teosinte that has become available since the publication of EFSA (2016). A protocol was developed to clarify the interpretation of the terms of reference of the mandate and make them operational. The assessment relied on evidence retrieved via an extensive literature search and from reports of the Competent Authorities of France and Spain, and on hearing expert testimonies. A limited collection of 18 publications of varying relevance and quality was retrieved and assessed. Based on this evidence, it is concluded that the ERA conclusions and RM recommendations of EFSA (2016) remain applicable, except those pertaining to the use of glyphosate‐based herbicides on maize GA21 which should be considered under Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009. In infested agricultural areas (especially in regions where maize MON810 is widely grown), weed management measures implemented to monitor, control and/or eradicate teosinte must remain in place, as they will contribute to further reduce the low vertical gene flow potential between GM maize and EU teosinte.

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Managing resistance evolution to transgenicBtmaize in corn borers in Spain

Cited by 5 publications

References 104 publications

Monitoring Insect Resistance to Bt Maize in the European Union: Update, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Monitoring Insect Resistance to Bt Maize in the European Union: Update, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Seven Years of Monitoring Susceptibility to Cry1Ab and Cry1F in Asian Corn Borer

Update of environmental risk assessment conclusions and risk management recommendations of EFSA (2016) on EU teosinte

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