“…Where differences between L1 and ESL writing are concerned, studies were conducted to investigate the composing process (Hall, 1990), written texts (Cook, 1988), correlations between Ll and ESL writing ability (Cook, 1988), organizational pattern (Hirose, 2003), word identifications (Wang & Coda, 2007), and written text features including fluency, accuracy, and quality. As for fluency, many studies (e.g., Silva, 1990) reported that texts written in English were shorter.…”