Manganese-Based Nanotheranostics for Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Mediated Precise Cancer Management

Abstract

Manganese (Mn)-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become a competitive imaging modality for cancer diagnosis due to its advantages of non-invasiveness, high resolution and excellent biocompatibility. In recent years, a variety of Mn contrast agents based on different material systems have been synthesized, and a series of multi-purpose Mn nanocomposites have also emerged, showing satisfactory relaxation efficiency and MRI performance thus possess the transformation and application value in MRI-synergized cancer diagnosis and treatment. This tutorial review starts from the classification and properties of Mn-based nanomaterials, and then summarizes various preparation and functionalization strategies of nanosized Mn contrast agents, especially focuses on the latest progress of Mn contrast agents in MRI-synergized precise cancer theranostics. In addition, present review also discusses the current clinical transformation obstacles such as unclear molecular mechanisms, potential nanotoxicity, and scale production constraints. This paper provides evidence-based recommendations about the future prospects of multifunctional nanoplatforms, as well as technical guidance and panoramic expectations for the design of clinically meaningful cancer management programs.

Construction of a Functional Nucleic Acid-Based Artificial Vesicle-Encapsulated Composite Nanoparticle and Its Application in Retinoblastoma-Targeted Theranostics

“…28,29 Mn 2+ then interacts directly with hydrogen nuclei in water molecules to shorten the T1 value of water-containing molecular tissues, thus enhancing the T1 signal and conducting T1-enhanced MRI. 30 Nevertheless, hMNs also has limitations as delivery vehicles, such as a short in vivo circulation time and inability to specifically target cancer cells. 31 A number of studies have concentrated on using surface modifications like polyethylene glycol (PEG) or albumin to ameliorate these issues.…”

“…At present, DNAzyme delivery carrier systems that can self-generate cofactors inside the cells include manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ) nanomaterials, ZnO quantum dots, , zinc–organic framework (ZIF) materials, CoOOH nanosheets, etc., among which MnO 2 nanomaterials have received increasing attention due to their ease of synthesis and control . Among them, honeycomb-structured MnO 2 nanosponge (hMNs) has various properties; it is responsive to glutathione (GSH) and also functions as a precursor for the DNAzyme cofactor to facilitate intracellular DNAzyme biocatalysis and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis. − hMNs can be decomposed into Mn 2+ under weakly acidic and reductive conditions. , Mn 2+ then interacts directly with hydrogen nuclei in water molecules to shorten the T1 value of water-containing molecular tissues, thus enhancing the T1 signal and conducting T1-enhanced MRI . Nevertheless, hMNs also has limitations as delivery vehicles, such as a short in vivo circulation time and inability to specifically target cancer cells .…”