Manganese-catalyzed oligomerizations of nucleotide analogs

Visscher, J.; Schwartz, Alan W.

doi:10.1007/bf02103615

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…DNA synthesis catalyzed by MMLV RT in the template-primer transcription of poly(A)-oligo(dT) is enhanced by a factor of four in the presence of Mn 2+ as compared with the effect of Mg z + (Verma 1977). The catalytic role of Mn z+ in oligomerization reactions of nucleotide analogues of possible prebiotic significance has also been demonstrated (Visscher and Schwartz 1989). Although several retroviral RTs are Mn 2+ dependent, the cationic requirements of other RTs, like those encoded by the RSV, MMTV, and HIV, are comparable to those exhibited by most RNA and DNA polymerases, since without metallic cations the syntheses of RNA and DNA cannot take place Loeb, 1979, 1981).…”

Section: The Substrate Ambiguities Of Reverse Transcriptasesmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Since Mn 2 + is known to reduce base stacking (Shin 1973;Vamvakopoulos et al 1977), the diminished effectiveness of the AMV RT in the presence of Mn 2+ may be due to the formation of a lessstable complex between poly (C) and GTP. As reviewed recently by Visscher and Schwartz (1989), Mn z+ is known to interact with the nitrogen base and the 5'-phosphate of mononucleotides (Pezzano and Podo 1980) and must also be forming noncovalent bonds with the metal-binding sites that exist in the RT molecule (Fig. 1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the early emergence of reverse transcription: Theoretical basis and experimental evidence

et al. 1992

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Reverse transcriptase (RT) was first discovered as an essential catalyst in the biological cycle of retroviruses. However, in the past years evidence has accumulated showing that RTs are involved in a surprisingly large number of RNA-mediated transpositional events that include both viral and nonviral genetic entities. Although it is probable that some RT-bearing genetic elements like the different types of AIDS viruses and the mammalian LINE family have arisen in recent geological times, the possibility that reverse transcription first took place in the early Archean is supported by (1) the hypothesis that RNA preceded DNA as cellular genetic material; (2) the existence of homologous regions of the subunit tau of the E. coli DNA polymerase III with the simian immunodeficiency virus RT, the hepatitis B virus RT, and the beta' subunit of the E. coli RNA polymerase (McHenry et al. 1988); (3) the presence of several conserved motifs, including a 14-amino-acid segment that consists of an Asp-Asp pair flanked by hydrophobic amino acids, which are found in all RTs and in most cellular and viral RNA polymerases. However, whether extant RTs descend from the primitive polymerase involved in the RNA-to-DNA transition remains unproven. Substrate specificity of the AMV and HIV-1 RTs can be modified in the presence of Mn2+, a cation which allows them to add ribonucleotides to an oligo (dG) primer in a template-dependent reaction. This change in specificity is comparable to that observed under similar conditions in other nucleic acid polymerases. This experimentally induced change in RT substrate specificity may explain previous observations on the misincorporation of ribonucleotides by the Maloney murine sarcoma virus RT in the minus and plus DNA of this retrovirus (Chen and Temin 1980). Our results also suggest that HIV-infected macrophages and T-cell cells may contain mixed polynucleotides containing both ribo- and deoxyribonucleotides. The evolutionary significance of these changes in substrate specificities of nucleic acid polymerases is also discussed.

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Section: The Substrate Ambiguities Of Reverse Transcriptasesmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the early emergence of reverse transcription: Theoretical basis and experimental evidence

et al. 1992

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“…Polymerizations were carried out in the presence of MnCI/ which was preferred to MgC12 because of its greater efficiency in nontemplate-assisted polymerizations (Visscher and Schwartz 1989). For all experiments 4 X 10 -7 tool of basic polypeptide residues/tube were used to complex 2 x 10 -7 mol of phosphates.…”

Section: Nucleotide/poly (Leu-lys) Interaction Mononucleotidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because ImpdGpIm is unable to complex to the polypeptide, while its hydrolyzed form, pdGp, does complex, the saturation of the polypeptide depends on both the hydrolysis of imidazole groups and on the formation of oligomers. Even in much more concentrated solutions (Visscher and Schwartz 1989), the cyclic pyrophosphate of pdGp is the major product of the reaction (35% in the presence of MnCI2). At the higher dilutions used here, this tendency is sharply increased and can explain the weak influence of the polypeptide when PO 4-/NH 3 + < 2.…”

Section: Determination Of Experimental Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polypeptide-assisted oligomerization of analogs in dilute aqueous solution

1993

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Poly (Leu-Lys) was shown to assist the oligomerization of activated nucleotide diphosphates. Short oligomers of pdGp are formed in dilute solution. Activated oligomers can complex to the polypeptide and polymerize to form longer oligomers. Oligomers up to the 18-mer can be obtained under these conditions from 1 x 10 .3 M ImpdGpIm in the absence of a preformed polynucleotide template. The total yield of polymerization remains limited although 50% more pyrophosphate bonds are formed in the presence of polypeptide. However, the elongation effect is more significant since the yield of oligomers longer than the decamer is increased by a factor of 60. The possible prebiotic implications of these experiments are discussed.

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“…Activated derivatives of Y-amino-Y-deoxyribo-nucleotides (Zielinski and Orgel, 1985), deoxynucleoside 2',5'-bisphosphates (Visscher and Schwartz, 1987), deoxynucleoside Y,5'-bisphosphates and their acyctic analogues (Schwartz and Orgel, 1985;Tohidi and Orgel, 1989), and 3-isoadenosine-Y-phosphate (Hill et al, 1988a) have been shown to condense efficiently on complementary polynucleotide templates. These reactions all involve nucIeotide analogues in which a phosphate group is retained.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Template-directed oligomerization of 5′-deoxy-5′-nucleosideacetic acid derivatives

Harada

Orgel

1990

Origins Life Evol Biosphere

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5'-Deoxy-5'-nucleosideacetic acids II-V are isostructural analogues of nucleotides with a carboxylate group in the place of the 5'-phosphate group. We have studied their oligomerization in aqueous solution using a water-soluble carbodiimide as the condensing agent in the presence or absence of an appropriate polynucleotide template. Condensation of adenylic acid analogues IIa, IIIa, and Va in the presence of polyuridylic acid were found to be the most efficient reactions. Cyclization of the activated monomers to lactones and the insolubility of the oligomers in aqueous solution were found to be obstacles to the efficient formation of long oligomers.

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Manganese-catalyzed oligomerizations of nucleotide analogs

Cited by 19 publications

References 11 publications

On the early emergence of reverse transcription: Theoretical basis and experimental evidence

On the early emergence of reverse transcription: Theoretical basis and experimental evidence

Polypeptide-assisted oligomerization of analogs in dilute aqueous solution

Template-directed oligomerization of 5′-deoxy-5′-nucleosideacetic acid derivatives

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