Manganese oxides for a lithium secondary battery — composite dimensional manganese oxide (CDMO)

Electrochemical characteristics of manganese oxide/carbon composite as a cathode material for Li/MnO2 secondary batteries

“…4(b). During the first charge, Li is extracted and the ␤-MnO 2 phase appears again with the remaining Li 2 MnO 3 phase, which is considered to be inactive [17,18]. After the second discharge, LiMnO 2 is the dominant phase and co-exists with the Li 2 MnO 3 phase formed previously.…”

Stabilization of insertion electrodes for lithium batteries

“…For example, the "Composite Dimensional Manganese Oxide" electrode ("CDMO' after Sanyo [26]) that is used for 3-V lithium batteries consists of domains of a lithiated gamma-MnOp phase with orthorhombic symmetry and a cubic spinel phase (Fig. 3).…”

“…3). "CDMO' is typically prepared by a reaction between electrolytically prepared y-Mn02 (EMD) and lithium hydroxide in a 7:3 molar ratio at temperatures between 250 and 420 "C [26].0 rthorhombic-LiMn02 [27][28][29] and layered-LiMnOz structures [30][31][32] are unstable to lithium extraction and electrochemical cycling; electron diffraction analyses of cycled electrodes have shown that they transform to spinel-type structures (Fig. 3).…”

Formation of spinel structured compounds in the lithium permanganate thermal decomposition

“…Such oxides can conveniently be divided in two types-"3 V" and "4 V", depending on their behavior in electrochemical cells with Li metal electrodes. Some compositions of Li 2 O-MnO 2 [3][4][5][6] system, orthorombic LiMnO 2 [7][8][9][10], and overstoichiometric spinel Li 1+x Mn 2 O 4 [11,12] belong to the first type.…”