Manifestations of milk allergy in infancy: Clinical and immunologic findings

Differences in antigen-specific T-cell responses between infants with atopic dermatitis with and without cow’s milk allergy: Relevance of TH2 cytokines

“…18,19 Cow's milk allergy (CMA) plays a pathogenetic role in approximately 35% to 40% of infants with AD. [20][21][22] In these patients ingestion of cow's milk leads to acute cuta-neous symptoms, aggravation of the eczema, or disease.…”

Cow’s milk allergy

“…Chronic respiratory symptoms such as asthma are uncommon in food allergy 3,4 . However, acute upper respiratory tract symptoms (rhinitis, nasal congestion) and lower respiratory tract symptoms (wheezing, cough and stridor) are not uncommon and some manifestations are potentially life threatening 3,4 .…”

“…Adverse reactions to cow's milk could be immune or non-immune. CMA is defined as adverse reactions to one or more milk proteins (casein or whey beta lactoglobulin) caused through immunological mechanisms that occur reproducibly following intake of milk 3 . Lactose intolerance is a non-immune adverse reaction that should be distinguished from true allergy.…”

“…These reactions can vary from minor skin rash to life threatening anaphylaxis 4 . Delayed reactions are nonIgE mediated and generally onset is several hours to days following ingestion of a larger volume of milk 3,4 . Table I describes the diversity of presentations of CMA based on the immunological reaction.…”

“…Gastrointestinal symptoms: This includes vomiting, diarrhoea, bloody stools, abdominal pain and reflux disease 3,4 .…”