Manila Resins Origin, Properties, and Applications

Mantell, C. L.; Rubenkoenig, H. L.

doi:10.1021/ie50332a003

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Copal resin studied by Umekar and Yeole (2008) gave an acid value of 129.82. Mantell and Rubenkoenig (1937) obtained an acid number of 107–114 for Manila copal, whereas Boer and Ella (2000) mentioned a wider range of 81–170. Boer and Ella (2000) observed a higher acid value for darker resin than lighter-colored ones, possibly due to increased oxidation upon ageing.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…But a 1994 study by Fernandez on purified almaciga resin from Palawan resulted in acid and saponification values of 128.20 and 189.68, respectively. Saponification numbers of 136–157 were obtained by Mantell and Rubenkoenig (1937) for Manila copal. High saponification numbers ranging from 147-204 and higher acid values were observed for darker resin specimens ( Boer and Ella, 2000 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several authors ( Mantell and Rubenkoenig, 1937 ; Fiebach and Grimm, 2000 ; Morkhade et al., 2006 ; Umekar and Yeole, 2008 ; Adalina and Sawitri, 2020 ) revealed different values of the softening point of copal resin, which ranged from 79 to 117 °C. Mantell and Rubenkoenig (1937) recorded a melting point range of 123–132 °C, which depended on the classification of Manila copal. Agathis dammara from West Java, Indonesia had a melting point of 118–123 °C ( Adalina and Sawitri, 2020 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geographical variations and correlation among some chemical and thermal properties of Almaciga (Agathis philippinensis Warb.) resins from selected commercial sites in the Philippines

Razal

Jara

Samar

et al. 2021

Heliyon

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Almaciga ( Agathis philippinensis Warb.), a tropical conifer that is tapped for its resin commercially known as Manila copal, grows in many parts of the Philippines, but resin buyers prefer and pay a better price for resin from southern Palawan. The study was done to characterize almaciga resins obtained from commercial sites in Davao Oriental and Palawan (Brooke's Point and Marufinas) to explain the quality and price differences. Fresh and aged resin samples were subjected to wet chemical, thermal, and spectral analyses. Generally, the resin samples were found to be soluble in the more polar solvents although significant variations were observed for resins from various sites. Titrimetric determination revealed no significant variation in acid and saponification values, although the Brooke's Point resin had significantly lower unsaponifiable components. Predominant Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) absorption peaks for fresh resin include strong C=O stretch and weak = C–H stretch. Aged Palawan resins, which showed increased solubility in polar solvents, exhibited increased intensity of prominent FTIR peaks such as O–H stretch and C=O stretch. The weak peak at 1719 cm −1 seen in fresh Palawan resins was no longer observed in aged resins. DSC revealed the semi-crystalline nature of almaciga resin and melting temperatures similar to diterpenoid resin acids. This is attributed to the presence of increasing amounts of oxidized abietic acids as shown by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). For the Davao Oriental resins, significant amount of agatholic acid was shown, while resin acids of the abietane and pimarane type were conspicuously absent in the GC-MS spectrograms. The study found evidence that almaciga resins from Davao and Palawan differ in chemical composition and physical properties, which could explain the quality and price differences.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%