Manipulation and Quantification of Graphene Oxide Flake Size: Photoluminescence and Cytotoxicity

Abstract

Single-layered graphene oxide (GO) has exhibited great promise in the areas of sensing, membrane filtration, supercapacitors, bioimaging, and therapeutic carriers because of its biocompatibility, large surface area, and electrochemical, photoluminescent, and optical properties. To elucidate how the physical dimensions of GO affect its intrinsic properties, we employed sonication to produce more than 130 different sizes of GO in aqueous dispersion and implemented new approaches to characterize various GO properties as a function of the average flake size. New protocols were developed to determine and compare the flake size of GO dispersions sonicated with energies up to 20 MJ/g by using dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The relationship between the average flake size and sonication energy per unit mass of GO was observed to follow a power law. AFM height measurements showed that the sonication of GO yielded monolayered flakes. Photoluminescence of GO was characterized as a function of the sonication energy (or the average flake size which is the monotonic function of the sonication energy), excitation wavelength, and pH of the dispersion. The strong dependence of the photoluminescence intensity on pH control and the variation of the photoluminescence intensity with different flake sizes were observed. An intense photoluminescence signal, likely related to the separation of the oxidative debris from the GO framework, was found at the highest sonication energies (E ≳ 15 MJ/g) or under extremely alkaline conditions (pH ≳ 11). The cytotoxicity of GO was studied with various flake sizes. Size- and concentration-dependent cytotoxicity was observed for cell lines NIH 3T3 and A549. The NIH 3T3 cell line also demonstrated time-dependent cytotoxicity.

Absence of giant dielectric permittivity in graphene oxide materials

“…This procedure allows the unbundling of the small remaining aggregates. Note that sonication presumably induces a slight reduction of the size of the flakes [43]. Nevertheless, as shown further, the GO particles remain sufficiently large in diameter to form LC phases at relatively low concentration.…”

Assessing size-dependent cytotoxicity of boron nitride nanotubes using a novel cardiomyocyte AFM assay

“…21 In our previous work on graphene oxide sonication, we also observed exponential or power law dependence of size as a function of sonication energy. [37][38][39] In Fig. S6, † the rapid decrease of Z-average size with sonication energy at low energies can be mainly attributed to fragmentation of small bundles and aggregates of nanotubes.…”

Bilayer graphene oxide membranes for a wearable hemodialyzer

“…The GO-blood interactions are investigated, utilizing careful control on oxidation extent and GO nanoplatelet size to identify their hemocompatibility. GO was synthesized 31,32 , sonicated in a bath sonicator 33,34 , and then deposited onto glass substrates, where complete coverage of the glass substrate with GO nanoplatelets is critical in preventing the substrate contribution toward hemolysis. SEM imaging shows close packing of GO nanoplatelets on the glass substrate with minimal exposure of the underlying glass, where layers of GO-PAH fully cover the surface.…”