Manipulation of Flowering Time by Pruning of Protea cv. Sylvia (P. eximia × P. susannae)

Abstract

<jats:p>The date of pruning affected flowering time of <jats:italic>Protea</jats:italic> cv. Sylvia (<jats:italic>P. eximia</jats:italic> × <jats:italic>P. susannae</jats:italic>) by influencing the flush on which inflorescence initiation occurred, and the harvest could be manipulated to fall within the optimum marketing period for export to Europe. Flowers initiated on the spring flush reached anthesis in January-February, those on the first and second summer flushes in April-May and July-August, respectively, and those on the autumn flush in November-December. Thus, flowering shoots harvested within the optimum marketing period (September to February) initiated inflorescences on the autumn and spring flushes. Because shoots on the spring flush initiated inflorescences readily, many flowering shoots harvested in January and February (following initiation the previous spring) were short and therefore unmarketable. For commercial production, pruning in July is recommended to allow harvest in October-December of the following year. Since the vegetative and reproductive cycles necessary to produce inflorescences on long stems span more than a year, a biennial cropping system is recommended.</jats:p>

Impact of Temperature on Autumn- and Spring-initiated Inflorescence Systems within a Biennial Pruning System of Protea ‘Pink Ice’ Cut Flowers

“…Cooler winter temperatures slowed growth rates even while GDH are being accumulated. Similar data are available for Protea 'Sylvia' and 'Pink Ice' on spring and autumn flushes, respectively (Gerber et al, 2001a;Nieuwoudt and Jacobs, 2010).…”

“…The demand for Protea cut flowers in Europe peaks during the European autumn and winter, from September to February (Gerber et al, 2001a;Hettasch et al, 1997). Unlike Leucospermum (Malan and Jacobs, 1990) and Leucadendron (Hettasch and Jacobs, 2006), which are short-day plants, the underlying mechanism for floral induction in Protea has not been established.…”

Exogenous Cytokinin Induces “Out of Season” Flowering in Protea cv. Carnival

“…and 'Cardinal' (P. eximia · P. susannae) have inherited this characteristic, most inflorescences predominantly develop on the spring flush with harvest dates then spread over January to April (Gerber, 2000). 'Sylvia' shoot growth is synchronized by pruning plants in winter (July or August) to effect a flowering peak 14 to 16 months later in the spring and early summer (October-December) (Gerber et al, 2001a).…”

The Portrayal of the Late 1950s in GDR Literature, Published Before and After the Fall of the Wall in 1989

“…Seghers's text Der gerechte Richter, as critics pointed out, is based on her experiences witnessing the political show trials against Walter Janka, Wolfgang Harich, Gustav Just and others in 1957 that had brought her to realize the fact 'that the society in which she expected her humanistic ideal to be realised manifested aspects of the society she abhorred, and that, even worse, the unjust acts were being performed in the name of socialism against fellow socialists' 7 . After the trial against her editor and old friend Walter Janka, 8 which her mother was put on the transport to the death camp?')…”