Manipulation of starch granule size distribution in potato tubers by modulation of plastid division

Pater, Sylvia de; Caspers, Martien P. M.; Kottenhagen, M.J.; Meima, Henk; Stege, Renaldo ter; Vetten, Nick de

doi:10.1111/j.1467-7652.2005.00163.x

Cited by 44 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…For example, studies on plastid division proteins, such as FtsZ, suggest that the modulation of plastid division through varied FtsZ expression resulted in an altered plastid number and resultant changes in starch granule size and number. Plants with low plastid division had fewer, but larger, starch granules [420]. In rice endosperm, a plastidial CBM48-containing protein (FLO6) interacts with ISA1 and appears to be important in determining granule morphology and amylopectin structure, possibly through guiding ISA1 to the nascent starch granule [421].…”

Section: Starch Granule Growth Size and Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Starch Biosynthesis in the Developing Endosperms of Grasses and Cereals

Tetlow

Emes

2017

Agronomy

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Abstract:The starch-rich endosperms of the Poaceae, which includes wild grasses and their domesticated descendents the cereals, have provided humankind and their livestock with the bulk of their daily calories since the dawn of civilization up to the present day. There are currently unprecedented pressures on global food supplies, largely resulting from population growth, loss of agricultural land that is linked to increased urbanization, and climate change. Since cereal yields essentially underpin world food and feed supply, it is critical that we understand the biological factors contributing to crop yields. In particular, it is important to understand the biochemical pathway that is involved in starch biosynthesis, since this pathway is the major yield determinant in the seeds of six out of the top seven crops grown worldwide. This review outlines the critical stages of growth and development of the endosperm tissue in the Poaceae, including discussion of carbon provision to the growing sink tissue. The main body of the review presents a current view of our understanding of storage starch biosynthesis, which occurs inside the amyloplasts of developing endosperms.

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Section: Starch Granule Growth Size and Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Starch Biosynthesis in the Developing Endosperms of Grasses and Cereals

Tetlow

Emes

2017

Agronomy

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“…Arabidopsis arc3, arc5, arc6, and arc10 mutants were reported to have increased starch accumulation, whereas plants overexpressing FtsZ1 (ARC10) have no starch granules (Austin and Webber, 2005;El-Kafafi et al, 2008). Overexpression of FtsZ in potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers resulted in smaller plastids apparently containing fewer, larger starch granules (de Pater et al, 2006) and rice (Oryza sativa) endosperm misexpressing FtsZ proteins contains granules of abnormal sizes and shapes (Yun and Kawagoe, 2010). Some other mutant and transgenic plants defective in chloroplast division are also reported to have altered starch granule numbers (e.g.…”

Section: Relationship Between Starch Granule Number and Chloroplast Vmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of Starch Granule Numbers in Arabidopsis Chloroplasts

et al. 2011

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The aim of this work was to investigate starch granule numbers in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves. Lack of quantitative information on the extent of genetic, temporal, developmental, and environmental variation in granule numbers is an important limitation in understanding control of starch degradation and the mechanism of granule initiation. Two methods were developed for reliable estimation of numbers of granules per chloroplast. First, direct measurements were made on large series of consecutive sections of mesophyll tissue obtained by focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy. Second, average numbers were calculated from the starch contents of leaves and chloroplasts and estimates of granule mass based on granule dimensions. Examination of wild-type plants and accumulation and regulation of chloroplast (arc) mutants with few, large chloroplasts provided the following new insights. There is wide variation in chloroplast volumes in cells of wild-type leaves. Granule numbers per chloroplast are correlated with chloroplast volume, i.e. large chloroplasts have more granules than small chloroplasts. Mature leaves of wild-type plants and arc mutants have approximately the same number of granules per unit volume of stroma, regardless of the size and number of chloroplasts per cell. Granule numbers per unit volume of stroma are also relatively constant in immature leaves but are greater than in mature leaves. Granule initiation occurs as chloroplasts divide in immature leaves, but relatively little initiation occurs in mature leaves. Changes in leaf starch content over the diurnal cycle are largely brought about by changes in the volume of a fixed number of granules.Chloroplasts in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mesophyll cells are generally stated to contain about five starch granules at the end of the light period (Zeeman et al., 2002(Zeeman et al., , 2007, but nothing is known about how this number is determined or the extent of genetic, temporal, developmental, and environmental variation in the number. This is an important limitation in understanding control of starch degradation at night, a process essential for the normal growth of the plant (Gibon et al., 2006;Smith and Stitt, 2007;Stitt et al., 2007;Usadel et al., 2008). The surface area and volume of starch granules in the chloroplast are relevant to the control of starch degradation in two ways. First, surface area can potentially limit the rate of degradation during the night. This limitation is not a major determinant of the rate of degradation in wild-type Arabidopsis leaves in controlled conditions; degradation is near linear through most of the night and consumes almost all of the starch reserves by dawn. If degradation were limited by surface area, the rate would decline with time through the night. However, reductions in starch granule numbers may result in limitation of starch degradation. The starch synthase4 (ss4) mutant of Arabidopsis has only one starch granule per chloroplast. It has a low rate of starch degradation and a low...

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“…Besides the enzymatic component, structural factors like cellular membrane stability, cell number and architecture also affect tuber bruising [9,25] (Figure 1). The latter characters not only influence tuber bruising but are also involved in other tuber traits like tuber shape, starch and sugar content of tubers, and tuber yield [26,27]. Starch accounts for 10-25% of the tuber fresh weight and is the major storage compound of potato tubers [28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association genetics in Solanum tuberosum provides new insights into potato tuber bruising and enzymatic tissue discoloration

et al. 2011

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BackgroundMost agronomic plant traits result from complex molecular networks involving multiple genes and from environmental factors. One such trait is the enzymatic discoloration of fruit and tuber tissues initiated by mechanical impact (bruising). Tuber susceptibility to bruising is a complex trait of the cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) that is crucial for crop quality. As phenotypic evaluation of bruising is cumbersome, the application of diagnostic molecular markers would empower the selection of low bruising potato varieties. The genetic factors and molecular networks underlying enzymatic tissue discoloration are sparsely known. Hitherto there is no association study dealing with tuber bruising and diagnostic markers for enzymatic discoloration are rare.ResultsThe natural genetic diversity for bruising susceptibility was evaluated in elite middle European potato germplasm in order to elucidate its molecular basis. Association genetics using a candidate gene approach identified allelic variants in genes that function in tuber bruising and enzymatic browning. Two hundred and five tetraploid potato varieties and breeding clones related by descent were evaluated for two years in six environments for tuber bruising susceptibility, specific gravity, yield, shape and plant maturity. Correlations were found between different traits. In total 362 polymorphic DNA fragments, derived from 33 candidate genes and 29 SSR loci, were scored in the population and tested for association with the traits using a mixed model approach, which takes into account population structure and kinship. Twenty one highly significant (p < 0.001) and robust marker-trait associations were identified.ConclusionsThe observed trait correlations and associated marker fragments provide new insight in the molecular basis of bruising susceptibility and its natural variation. The markers diagnostic for increased or decreased bruising susceptibility will facilitate the combination of superior alleles in breeding programs. In addition, this study presents novel candidates that might control enzymatic tissue discoloration and tuber bruising. Their validation and characterization will increase the knowledge about the underlying biological processes.

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Manipulation of starch granule size distribution in potato tubers by modulation of plastid division

Abstract: SummaryStarch granule size is an important parameter for starch applications in industry. Starch granules are formed in amyloplasts, which are, like chloroplasts, derived from proplastids.

Cited by 44 publications

References 52 publications

Starch Biosynthesis in the Developing Endosperms of Grasses and Cereals

Starch Biosynthesis in the Developing Endosperms of Grasses and Cereals

Control of Starch Granule Numbers in Arabidopsis Chloroplasts

Association genetics in Solanum tuberosum provides new insights into potato tuber bruising and enzymatic tissue discoloration

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